Tcp 302
timing recovery 300, 335, 645 Burst error model 157, 166-67, 176-77, 293 Bursty 21, 22, 29, 313-14, 318, 322, 340-41, 347, 380, 382, 396, 450, 466, 503-04, 628, 638-39 Busy hour 233
C language programs 72-79, 160 Cable modem 143, 344
Cable television (CATV) 2, 31, 33, 42, 110, 140-43,
195, 253, 258 CAIDA 86, 93 Care-of address 589-90 Carried load 824
Carrier sensing 26, 359, 361, 427, 450 Carrier sensing multiple access (CSMA) 359-61,
365, 425, 428, 454 Carrier sensing multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA-CA) 418, 425-28, 456 Carrier sensing multiple access with collision detection (CSMA-CD) 340, 346, 349, 361-66, 379, 399, 405-07, 454-56 CCITT (Consultative Committee for International Telegraphy and Telephony) 197, 198, 200, 225, 402, 628 facsimile standard 97-98 generator polynomials 311 polynomials 164 V.24 modem standard 187 V.29 fax modem 763 CDMA, See Code division multiple access Cell 244, 261, 483, 504 in ATM 200, 208, 240, 628-29, 633-35 label switching 676, 678, 685, 689 in cellular telephony 4, 240-41, 243, 390-96, 420 Cell delay variation (CDV) 637-40, 645, 657, 672 Cell loss priority (CLP) 635, 637, 641-642, 672 Cell loss ratio (CLR) 637, 639-41, 671-72 Cell switching 628
Cell transfer delay (CTD) 637-39, 671-72 Cellular networks 2, 4, 34, 380, 389-96, 420 Cellular telephone networks 150, 195, 223, 239-46,
261, 340, 390-96 Centralized routing 485 CEPT-1 signal 197, 200, 208, 226 See also E-1
signal Cerf, V. 39, 42, 692 Certificate authority (CA) 725, 733 Challenge/response scheme 267, 313, 720-21, 723, 748, 749
Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol
amplitude-response function 107, 111 and physical layer 56 band-pass 125-29 bandwidth 107, 112
Channel (Cont.)
369, 379, 399-400, 450, 453, 454, 457, 458 capacity 109, 119-21 cellular 150, 294 common 228
communications 110-11, 133, 135 data (D) 137, 225-26, 628 distortion effect 105, 108, 155 error 156-57, 184 error correction 173-76 error detection 153, 165-73 FDM 111-14, 194-95 fiber 633 forward 241, 242 IEEE 802.11 424-29, 432-36 low-pass 116-19, 181 noisy 263 reverse 241-42 satellite 653 setup 242-43 TDM 115, 195-98 telephone 121, 131, 181 television 140, 142-43, 180, 182 virtual 633-34, 647, 660 Channel capacity 109, 119-21 Channelization 380, 450 FDMA 380 TDMA 381-82 CDMA 382-89
in cellular telephone networks 389-96 performance with bursty traffic 396-98 Check bit 23, 272, 290, 304, 644-46 binary linear code 167, 168 CRC 161-163 Hamming code 171, 186 Internet checksum 158 polynomial code 161 single parity check code 154, 155, 184 two-dimensional parity check code 157 Check matrix 169, 186 Checkpointing 277, 307
Checksum 155, 278, See also Internet checksum ATM header 632, 635 CRC 351, 413, 422, 653-54 cryptographic 313, 721-23, 729-30, 732 hash 721, 723 IGMP 614 IPv4 header 550, 560 IPv6 562, 625 OSPF 597, 599 RSVP 701 TCP 577 UDP 569 Cipher 719
Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) 743, 751 Ciphertext 719-23, 742-45, 748, 751 Circuit switches 212 crossbar 212-13 spaced-division 212
Circuit switches (Cont.) multistage 213-15 time-division 215-19 Circuit switching 1, 9, 14, 17-18, 29, 219, 232 Circuit-switched network 211 Classical IP Over ATM (CLIP) 660, 677-81, 712 Classifier 693-94, 696-97, 704-05, 708-09, 812 Classless interdomain routing (CIDR) 556-57, 620, 621, 713
Clear-to-Send frame (CTS) 187, 426-31 Client/server 4, 6, 44, 57, 717, 727-28 example 60-64 FTP 82-83 program 75 socket calls 67-71 TCP 579 TLS 738-41 Clipping 322, 774 Clock frequency 299 Closed-loop congestion control TCP 527-30 ATM 530-34 Coaxial cable 26, 31, 110, 134, 140-44, 182, 184, 258, 261, 343, 349, 399, 403, 404 cable modem 142-43 cable television 140-42 Ethernet 143-44, 147 wireless cable 151 Code division multiple access (CDMA) 150, 241, 243, 260, 340, 380, 382-89, 395-97, 450, 457 Codeword 753, 805 Huffman 754-58 linear 168-77, 186 polynomial 161-67, 184, 185 run-length 759-60 vector 154-60, 184, 185 Collision avoidance 428 Collision domain 404, 406
Common part convergence sublayer (CPCS) 643, 650, 652-53
Communication network 2, 9-14, 30-35, 40, 41, 200, 228, 490 security threats 717-18 services 43 Companding 774, 808 Compression See Data compression in TLS 738-41 Compression ratio 97-98, 102, 133 fascimile 761, 762 JPEG 786, 787
Lempel-Ziv algorithm 765, 807 MPEG 782
run-length coding 759, 760 Computer network 2, 4, 20-29, 32, 229
standards for 34, 56 Concentration 232-35, 256, 322 Configuration Management 836-38 Confirmed service 52, 89
Congestion control 13, 25, 27, 231, 272, 303, 634, 640, 642, 664, 669, 827 admission control 518-19
Congestion control (Cont.) ATM networks 530-34 closed-loop control 527 open-loop control 518 overview 516-17 policing 519-22 QoS guarantees 525-27 TCP 527-30 traffic shaping 522-25 Connection establishment 51 Connectionless service 14, 27-30, 39, 40, 49, 51-52, 267, 288, 304-05, 311, 462-65, 472, 548 ATM transfer 643, 649, 671 packet transfer 24,59, 89, 475-80, 547, 571 SNMP 839-840 socket calls 67, 69-70 Connection-oriented service 39, 40, 51, 267, 304, 380, 453, 462-64, 472, 571 ATM transfer 483, 503-04, 649, 653-54 in telephone network 3-4, 18, 220 socket calls 60-70 Connectivity 2, 8, 10, 11, 17, 60, 211, 222, 225, 228,
258, 417, 443, 447, 602, 607, 628, 659 Constant-bit-rate (CBR) service 639-40, 655-57,
669, 671, 672, 706 Contention 345, 347, 362-64, 379, 399-400,
424-26, 429-30 Contention-Free Period (CFP) 425-26, 429-31 Control frame 273, 277, 283, 412, 414, 422, 427, 431
Control plane 627, 629-31, 653 Controlled-load service 695 Convergence sublayer (CS) 632, 643-46, 648 Convergence sublayer indication (CSI) 644-45 Cookies 733, 734
Copper wires 15, 26, 31, 110, 134, 135, 153, 221, 222, 225, 404, 408 in analog communications 104 in digital communications 106, 134 Correspondent Host (CH) 589-90 Counting to infinity 496 Crankback 663, 666 Crossbar switch 212-13, 216 Crosspoints 212 Crosstalk 135-37, 138, 140, 144 Cryptographic algorithms 729, 741 DES 741-44 RSA 744-46
Cryptographic checksum 313, 721-22, 723, 729-30, 732
Cryptography 719 public key 721-23 secret key 719-22 CSMA, See Carrier sensing multiple access Cut-through packet switching 343, 482, 680 Cycle time 370, 371
Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) 161-65 ARQ 272-73, 290-91 ATM 164, 184, 635, 651-54, 670 HDLC 164, 285, 304, 306 IEEE 802.11 424, 433, 434, 436
Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) (Cont.) LAN 164, 351, 402, 413, 422 PPP 311
Daemon 44-46, 49, 696
Data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) 187 Data compression 97-98, 133, 180, 765, 793, 809 audio 99, 774, 781, 782 color images 785 compression ratio 759 speech 808 lossless 753-65 lossy 767-793 video 786-90 Data Encryption Standard (DES) 741-44, 751 Data link control 263, 297, 303-13, 329, 336, 453
HDLC frame exchanges 308-10 Data link layer 53, 55, 59, 88-90, 95, 231, 244, 264-66, 303-04, 330, 331, 349-54, 437, 450 Data representation 53 Data terminal equipment (DTE) 187 Datagram 14, 24, 28, 59, 265, 311, 351-52, 477-80, 545, 569 IP 689, 691, 698, 700 PING 85
routing example 60-64 socket example 75-80 Traceroute 86 packet switching 477-79 Decibels 108, 112 , 773 Decryption 719, 722, 742, 743, 745, 746 Default route 62, 556 Deflection routing 500-01 Delay 2-5, 7, 9, 29, 31, 41, 90, 93, 223, 256, 259 ARQ 289-92, 295-96 buffer 314-22, 324-26 cell delay variation 637, 645, 655, 657 cell delay variation tolerance 638-39 cell transfer 637, 655, 657, 671 computing 77-79 encoding 789, 790
378-79, 396-99, 400, 450, 456, 457 jitter 299-300 message 102
packetization 672
QoS 694-695, 712, 714
queueing 815-16, 820-23, 829-32
round trip 85
setup 24, 29
See also propagation delay Delay-bandwidth product 332, 577, 584, 622, 669 ARQ 277-78, 290-94, 653 MAC 345-48, 437 flow control 297 Denial-of-service attack 93, 717, 726, 733, 750, 841 Dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM)
109, 147 Departure process 816, 818
Designated transit list (DTL) 665-66
Destination port number 64, 66
Differential coding 777, See also Predictive coding
Differential encoding 124, 182
Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) 100,
778-80, 784, 808 Differentiated services (DS) model 549, 703-09, 714
bandwidth broker 708-09 DS field 705
Per-hop behaviors 706-07 traffic conditioner 708 Diffie-Hellman exchange 726-27, 733-35, 739, 750 Digital cross-connect (DCC) 223, 224, 659 Digital information 16, 21, 114, 116, 125, 753 Digital modulation, See Modulation Digital signals (DS1, DS2, DS3) 137, 196-200, 208 Digital signature 722-23, 733-35, 740, 749 Digital transmission 15, 18, 200, 216, 219, 220, 223, 232
cable modem 142 digital subscriber loop 137 error control 153 line coding 122-25 modulation 125-33 optical fiber 144-8
systems 96-97, 101-10, 115-21, 179-82 transfer of all information types 95 Digital transmission hierarchies 196, 199 Digitization of telephone network 144, 216 Dijkstra's algorithm 497-99 Disassociation 421-22 Disconnect (DISC) 308
Discrete cosine transform (DCT) 780, 782-89, 792, 809
Discrete spectrum 191 Distance vector routing 490 Distance-Vector Multicast Routing Protocol
(DVMRP) 617 Distortion 771, 774 compression 102
channel 103-06, 116, 128, 133, 181 Distributed coordination function (DCF) 424-26,
429-31, 456 Distributed routing 485 Distribution frame 222 Distribution system 420-21, 423-24 Domain Name System (DNS) 28, 42, 51, 59, 231
server name retrieval 74 Domains 84, 469, 548, 556-57, 659 DiffServ 706, 708, 709, 714 MPLS 687-689, 713 time to frequency 780-782 Dotted decimal notation 72, 552, 564 Dropper 708 Duplicate ACKs 529 Dynamic (adaptive) routing 485 Dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) 588, 623
Dynamic nonhierarchical routing (DNHR) 237
E-l signal 197, 231, 249, 644-45 E-164 address (ATM) 658-9 Echo cancellation 223
Efficiency 257, 258, 263, 346-47, 380, 395, 411-12, 454, 457, 458, 583, 653, 655 ARQ 289-96 line code 124
of network resources 234, 239 of trunk utilization 236 statistical multiplexers 313 Electronic Codebook (ECB) 743, 751 Electronic mail (e-mail) 1, 2, 4, 34, 35, 39, 46,
48-49, 53, 57, 97, 266, 269 Encapsulating Security payload (ESP) 736-37, 748, 750, 751
Encapsulation 22, 33, 51, 455, 590, 740
example 60-64 Encryption 33, 718, 719-23, 729, 731-32, 734-44,
748-49, 841 End-to-end application requirements 266, 268-70 argument for system design 464 path in telephone network 221 protocol operation 265, 271-72 QoS 508, 516 Erlang B blocking formula 233-236, 259, 833-35 Error control and lossless data compression 764 techniques 153-77 See also Forward error correction Error detection 23, 83, 154-55, 184, 270, 384, 643, 657, 670, 721 ARQ 278
capability of a code 156, 165-67, 186 HDLC 285, 306 Internet checksum 158-60 linear codes 167-73 polynomial codes 161-64 standardized polynomial codes 164 two-dimensional parity checks 157-58 Ethernet 124, 346, 453, 455, 456, 458 1000BASE-X networks 148 100BASE-T networks 139 10BASE-FP networks 147 10BASE-FX networks 147 10BASE-T networks 138, 143, 403 bit rates 110 bridges 438, 449-50 Fast Ethernet 399, 405-07 frame 61-62, 64, 401-03 Gigabit Ethernet 148, 211 399, 407-08, 455 overview 25-26, 60-64, 349-50 standards 35, 399-401 switch 404-05, 455, 673 Expedited Forwarding PHB (EF PHB) 706, 714 Explicit routing 692-93 Exponential backoff 399 Exponential interarrival 821, 823
Exponential service 319, 823, 831 Extended LAN 437, 450, 458 Extended Service Set (ESS) 420-21, 424, 457 Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) 592 External border gateway protocol (eBGP) 603-04, 609-610
Facsimile coding (ITU) 97-98, 760-763
Fair queueing 511-14
Fast Ethernet 406
Fault Management 837-38
Fault recovery 202-03, 225
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) 125,
147-48, 341, 414-16, 438, 450, 456, 633 Fibers, See Optical fiber
File transfer protocol (FTP) 42, 82-84, 93, 728, 737 Filter 112
Filterspec 693, 697, 700, 703, 704, 713 FIN segment 584-586, 623 Finish tag 513
Firewall 85, 718, 727-28, 731, 735, 750, 751, 813 First-in first out (FIFO) queueing 315, 509, 818, 822
Flooding 270, 443, 499-500, 600 Flooding attack 726, 733 Flow control 51, 272, 326, 335 ATM 629, 633, 642, 670 data link 54, 306-07 end to end 25, 297-98 TCP 28, 303, 527, 572-73, 580-81 Flows 10-13, 23, 27, 196, 212, 258 aggregate 204, 234 aggregation 687, 689, 704, 714 descriptor 693-94, 697, 699 differentiated services 703-09, 713 information 193, 204, 212, 258 long-lived 483, 683-84, 713 RSVP 695-703
traffic 203, 210, 223, 235-38, 248 Flowspec 693-94, 697, 699, 700, 702 Ford-Fulkerson algorithm. See Bellman-Ford algorithm Foreign network 589-90 Forward channel 241
Forward error correction (FEC) 153, 170, 173, 646, 657
Forwarding 10, 13, 16, 23, 24, 409, 444, 447-49, 464-65, 483, 490, 551, 628, 635 IP 676-77
MPLS 685-93, 712-714
tables (bridges) 439-42, 458
699, 705 See also Routing Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC) 687, 690-91 Forwarding services assured (AF PHB) 706-07 expedited (EF PHB) 706 IP 675-77
overlay model 677-85, 712
Forwarding services (Cont.)
peer model 685-93 Fourier series 190-91, 766, 808 Fourier transform 769, 780, 782 Fragmentation 423-24, 428, 449, 559-60, 567,
735-36, 750 Frame Reject (FRMR) 308 Frame relay 227, 272, 466, 643, 686 Frame transfer delay 347, 400, 412, See also Delay frame Frames 55-56, 340 and time slots 215-17 ARQ 272-73 CEPT-1 254 data 22
encapsulation example 60-64 Ethernet 401-07 FDDI 416
format/structure 226, 253 Go-Back-N 278-85 HDLC 303-12 IEEE 802.11 422-24, 430-36 length 289, 293-94 LLC 352-54 MAC 350-51 PPP 311
Reservation 366-68, 381 Selective-Repeat 285-89 SONET 204-08 source routing 446 Stop-and-Wait 274-78 T-1 system 196 TDM 195, 198 TDMA 390-91 Token-Ring 412-14 video 7, 42, 786-92 Framing 22, 55, 205, 253, 254, 326 ATM 643, 645 HDLC 306, 336 PPP 311 RTP 800 Frequency band 195, 240, 242, 247 Frequency division duplex (FDD) 382, 457 Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) 241,
371, 380, 385, 389-91, 395-98, 450, 457 Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)194-95,
208-09, 246, 247, 253 Frequency-reuse principle 240, 241, 248 Frequency shift keying (FSK) 125, 433 Full duplex links 81, 139, 187, 305, 405-06
Gateways 27, 58, 59, 91, See also Routers H.323 800-02, 811 higher-layer 437 IEEE 802.11 420 satellite 248-49 security 727-30, 732, 735, 751 SONET 203, 255 telephone 223 Generalized cell rate algorithm (GCRA) 641
Generator polynomial 161-66, 185, 311, 433-34,
436, 649, See also Leaky bucket Generic Connection Admission Control (GCAC) 666-67
Generic flow control (GFC) 633, 670 Geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellite 246-47 Gigabit Ethernet 148, 211 399, 407-08, 455 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 150, 243-46, 252, 391-92, 396, 450, 454, 458
Globally unique IP address 58, 60, 546 Go-Back-N ARQ 278-85, 286, 332-334 versus Stop-and-Wait 279 transmission efficiency 289-96 HDLC 308 Graceful close 585-86 Graft message 616
Graphical interchange format (GIF) 98, 180 Groups of Pictures 790 Guaranteed service 511-16, 695, 712, 714 Guard band 209, 253
H.323 multimedia communication systems
799-802, 811 Half-duplex links 54 Hamming code 167-73, 176, 186, 645 Hamming distance 172 Handoff 241, 243, 244, 248, 393 Handover 244, 246 Handshaking 422
Hash functions 721, 722, 734, 738, 749 SHA-1 722 HMAC 722, 736 Hashed Message Authentication Code (HMAC) 722, 736
Header error check (HEC) 635, 670 Headers 22-24, 29, 50-51, 56, 475, 477, 481, 792, 794
AAL1 644-45 AAL2 647-48 AAL3/4 650-51 AAL5 652-53
ARQ 281, 283, 290, 291, 298 ATM 184, 504, 628-29, 633-35 authentication 729-30, 732, 735-36, 750 control information 262, 272-73 encapsulation example 60-64, 547 encryption 731, 732, 736 Ethernet 399, 402, 455 extension (IPv6) 566-69 HDLC 304-05
IEEE 802.11 422-24, 427, 456
Internet checksum 158-59
Internet Key Exchange 734-736, 750
IP header and security 727, 750
IPv4 502, 549-50, 561
IPv6 502, 563-64, labels 686-687, 691
LLC 354, 402
MAC layer 347, 354
Headers (Cont.)
overhead 320, 538, 541 PLCP 432-38 PPP 312 RSVP 701-03 RTP 795-96, 810 SAAL 654 SNMP 840 Source bridge 446 Token ring 411, 449 UDP 569-70 Head-of-line (HOL) priority queueing 509-10 Hierarchical addresses 12-14, 19, 27, 339, 488-89 Hierarchical name space 28 Hierarchical network topology 11-12, 19, 38 High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) 285, 336, 337, 352-53, 365, 369, 453 configurations 305-08 data link services 303-05 frame exchanges 308-10 generator polynomial 164 Holding time 233 Home Agent (HA) 589 Home network 589
Hop-by-hop implementation 271-72, 329, 330 Host byte order 69 Host ID 28, 60, 91, 551, 552 Hosts 5, 20-25, 28 mobile 728, 751
obtaining information on 85-86 retrieving host names 71, 74-75 Hubs 26, 138, 139, 343, 404-06, 454-55 Huffman code 753-55, 759, 762, 763, 765, 784, 805, 806
alorithm 756-58 Hybrid switch 216-17, See also Time-space-time switch Hybrid transformer 222 Hyperlink 4-5, 12
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML ) 45 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 5, 42, 45, 50, 57, 59, 642, 728, 737, 748, 751 example 45-47, 52, 63-64
IBM 411-12, 741
IEEE 802.3 standard 399, 406-07
I-frame (intraframe) 789-90
I-frame timer 274
Impulse response 115
Independence assumption 830
Information frame (I-frame) 273-75, 283, 284, 289,
305-10, 331-33, 352 Information polynomial 161-62 Information transmission rate 16, 290 Infrared 134, 152, 343, 349, 417, 419 Infrastructure network 420, 456-57 Initial sequence number (ISN) 302, 576, 578-79 In-phase component 128
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 137, 225-27, 231, 249, 253, 258, 259, 628-29, 659, 669, 774, 789, 800 Integrated services model 29, 30, 32, 629, 693-95, 704-05, 714 guaranteed services 694 controlled-load services 695 Intelligent network 230, 231, 259 Interarrival times 316-17, 371, 396, 400, 817,
821-823, 825 Interexchange carrier (IXC) 221, 258 Interfaces 25, 34, 225 air 427, 433, 435, 436 ATM 631-32, 657 basic rate 225-26
LAN 343, 349-50, 372-74, 405, 409, 412-14 line card 221 primary rate 225-26 radio-air 244 serving area 222-23 Interframe space 426 Interframe video coding Interim standard 41 (IS-41) 242-43 Interim Standard 54 (IS-54) 150, 390-92, 396, 450, 458
Interim Standard 95 (IS-95) 150, 392-96, 450, 458 Interior Gateway Protocol (iGp) 591-92, 609, 610, 689
Interlacing 787
Interleaving 176-77, 199, 207, 393-94, 646, 649,
652, 657, 673 Internal BGP (iBGP) 603-04, 609 International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) 50, 56, 285, 303, 658 International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
35, 131, 646, 658, 669, 760-63, 765, 779, 788 Internet 1, 2, 4, 14, 20-21, 24, 40, 42, 43, 47, 55-57, 60
and QoS 693 management 839, 843 security 727-728 service control 799, 802 subtree (MIB) 842-43 telephony 794, 798, 799, 802, 811 topology 465-71 Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) 843 Internet checksum 158-60, 550, 844 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 60, 85,
86, 561, 728, 750 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) 35, 42, 675, 677, 685, 693, 704, 706, 737, 802, 843 Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) 614-15
Internet Key Exchange (IKE) 733-35, 748 Internet layer 55, 58, 59, 547, 716 Internet Protocol (IP) 27-30, 35-37, 547-48 address resolution 557-59 addressing 47-48, 550-54 CIDR 556-57
ethernet encapsulation 353-54, 402 example 60-64
Internet Protocol (IP) (Cont.) forwarding 676-77
fragmentation and reassembly 559-61 ICMP 561
Internet checksum 158 mobile 588-90 over ATM 677-85, 712 packet 548-50
packets and security 727-28, 735-36, 750 peer model 685-93 routing 554-56 service models differentiated 703-09 integrated 693-95 signaling (RSVP) 695-703 telephony 693, 799, 810 utilities 84-86 See also IPv6 Internet service providers (ISPs) 11, 226, 257, 311, 469, 470
Internetwork or internet 26, 27, 55-56, 88, 91, 479,
675, 677 Intraframe video coding 787 IP address conversion 71-72
between IP and ATM 676-78, 680-682 example 72-75 IP addresses 27-28, 45-48, 60-64, 550-52 CIDR 556-57, 620, 621, 713 classful 551, 556-57 IPv6 563-66
security of 727, 728, 730, 732 subnet 552-54 supernet 557 IP packets 48, 89 transfer of 59-61 PING 85 tcpdump 86 IP Security (IPSec) 735-37, 750, 751 IPv6 37, 561-68, 673, 736 header format 562-63 addressing 563-66 extension headers 566 large packet 567-68 Iridium system 248
793-94, 796-7 Joint Photograph Expert Group (JPEG) image coding 97, 98, 180, 784-88, 809
Key 246, 313, 719, 841 distribution 724-26, 732-35 generation 726-27
public/private 722-23, 725, 738, 744-45 secret 719-21, 723, 724, 737, 742-44, 748 session 723
shared secret 726, 729-30, 735, 749 Key Distribution Center (KDC) 724-25, 733, 749
Keyed MD5 121-22
Label 504, 630, 676, 686-89 binding 687, 690-91 stack 688-89, 713 switching 685 Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) 690-91 Label Switching Router (LSR) 685-92, 713 Label Switched Path (LSP) 686-92 LAN, see Local Area Networks LAN adapter card 349, See also Network interface card
LAN Emulation (LANE) 679-80, 682, 711, 712 LAN Emulation Client (LEC) 679-80, 712 LAN Emulation Configuration Server (LECS) 679 Lane Emulation Server (LES) 679-80, 712 Last mile 221, 225 Latency 31, 93 example 77 network 355, 378, 450 ring 346, 373-79, 410-11, 415, 450, 454-56 Traceroute 86 Layers 12, 14, 46, 51, 56, 96-97 AAL 627, 630, 642-57 application 655, 728, 738 ATM 627, 630-31, 633-42, 652-53 data link 265-67, 303-04, 312, 679, 682, 685-87 interaction 60-64, 402, 419, 428-36, 453 IP security 716, 727, 735-8 layer-n protocol 262-3 LLC 349, 352-3, 402 MAC 347, 351, 402, 422, 424, 456, 680 management 629 MPEG systems 657 network 627, 679, 680, 682, 685-8 OSI 89
632-3, 638 rationale 43, 49
transport 630, 643, 716, 728, 738-41 Layer n concepts 50, 51-2, 262-3 Layering 14, 28, 35, 49, 262 detailed example 60-4 summary 88 Leaky bucket (algorithm) 519-25, 642, 671-72 Line coding 122-25, 408-09, 412, 632 Line layer (SONET) 204-05 Linear codes 167-71, 176, 185 binary 167
Hamming code 167-69 performance 171-73 single parity check code 154 two-dimensional parity check code 158 Linear predictive coders (LPC) 779 Link access procedure B (LAPB) 285 Link access procedure D (LAPD) 244, 285 Link access procedure for modems (LAPM) 133, 285
Link control protocol (LCP) 312-13 Link state 490, 498, 594-95, 600-01, 663
Links 55, 490 ATM 653, 672 CDPD 365
302-13, 437, 643 infrared 152 optical 146, 184
satellite 151-52, 248-49, 288, 342 sharing 315-25 signaling 230-31 SONET 202-203, 255 TDM 197, 221
transmission 104, 109-10, 136, 148, 151, 181,
183-84 UNI 633 WDM 210 Link-state database 594, 598, 600 Little endian 69
Little's Formula 815, 818-20, 823-24, 828, 829, 831 Load 316-20, 347-48, 356-62, 370, 397, 400,
438-39, 446, 456, 485, 530, 824, 827, 832, See also Offered load; Throughput Loading coils 112, 137, 183 Local access transport areas (LATA) 220 Local Area Network (LAN) 91, 467, 669, See also Ethernet adapter card 349-50 addresses 13, 25, 467 and OSI reference model 55 bridges 438-49 coaxial cable 143 FDDI 414-17 IEEE 802.11 351-52, 417 infrared 152 line code 122, 124 LLC 352-54
MAC sublayer 345-49, 351-52, 401-03 optical 147 standards 398-450 token ring 408-14 topology 25-26, 349-50 twisted pair 138-39 wireless 110, 149-50, 344, 417-36 Local Area Network (LAN) emulation (LANE)
679-80, 682, 711, 712 Local exchange carrier (LEC) 220 Local loop 222, 225, 226, 257, 258, 261 Logical IP Subnetwork (LIS) 677-78, 680-82, 711 Logical link control (LLC) 351-54, 402, 428 Long code 393, 395 Loop prevention 439, 443-44 Loops routing 485, 495, 499, 592, 602, 612 subscriber 136, 137 Loss 268, 300, 315-18, 322-24, 340, 429, 815, 827 cell 635-37, 640-42, 644-47, 649, 654-55, 671 packet 792-94, 796 Lossless data compression 98, 753, 771, 777, 805 adaptive codes 763-65 error control 764 Huffman codes 753-58
Lossless data compression (Cont.) Lempel-Ziv algorithm 763-65 run-length codes 758-63 Lossy data compression 98, 765, 766 discrete cosine transform coding 782-83 JPEG image coding standard 784-86 MPEG multiplexing 792-93 MPEG video coding standard 789-92 predictive coding 778-79 subband coding 781-82 transform coding 777, 780 video signals 786-89 Lost / wandering duplicate 574 Low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite 247-48
M/D/l queueing system 319, 372, 376-77, 823, 831 M/G/1 queueing system 823, 830-33 M/M/1 queueing system 317, 823 average delay 318, 320, 829 effect of scale 829 mean waiting time 831 performance improvement 320-22 steady-state probability 828 versus M/D/1 319 M/M/1/K queueing system 316, 823, 825 average delay 318, 828 performance improvement 321-22 steady state probability 827 M/M/c/c queueing system 823, 833-35 MAC schemes, see Medium access control schemes Management information base (MIB) 837, 839,
842, 844-45 Manchester encoding 124, 125, 138, 139, 143 Manhattan street network 500-01 Markers 605, 708
Maximum burst size (MBS) 519-22, 638-39, 641, 708
Maximum departure rate 315, 828 Maximum segment lifetime (MSL) 583-85 Maximum segment size (MSS) 577, 583 Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) 547, 559-61,
567, 712 Mean waiting time 831 Media Gateway Control Protocol 802 Medium access control (MAC) scheme 26, 56, 339-41, 453, 456, 669, 673 address resolution 679-80 bridges 437- 40, 449 comparison 379-80 CPCD 365
overview 341-49 performance 345-49, 833 polling 368-72 random access 354-66 reservation systems 366, 378-80 scheduling 366-79 token-passing rings 372-8, 412-14 Memory 21, 32, 350, 353
Message Authentication Code (MAC) 738-41 Message Digest algorithm 5 (MD5) 721-22, 733, 736, 841
Message identifier (MID) 651-52, 656 Message switching 1, 9, 14-17, 23, 475-477 Message transfer part (MTP) 230-31 Messages 4, 14, 20-26, 39, 40, 231 authentication 718, 721, 729 duplicate 302 integrity 718, 721, 729 MPLS 690-91 non-repudiation 718 polling 343, 369-71, 373, 454 PPP 312-13 reservation 367-69 RSVP 688, 693, 696-703, 713, 714 segmentation and reassembly 52, 269 signaling 220, 227-29, 288, 631, 653-54, 657,
659-64, 666, 800-01, 811 transfer 60-64, 262, 264-67, 269-70 Meter 708
Metropolitan area network 11, 41, 147, 203, 211,
220, 346, 652 Michael 777 Minimum cell rate 530
Minimum distance (of a code) 159, 172, 175, 185,
186, 492 Minislot time 399-400 Mixed media bridge 449 MNP 10 error-control protocol 294 Mobile Data Link Protocol (MDLP) 285 Mobile Host (MH) 589-91 Mobile IP 588-90
Mobile switching center (MSC) 241-44, 246 Mobile telephone switching office (MTSO) 241, 646
Modems 14, 16, 21, 125, 226, 228, 257, 278, 285, 294, 311, 655, 753, 805, 807, 808 cable 109, 142-43 RS-232 187
signal constellations 131 standards 97, 131-33, 164 telephone 109, 132, 183 XMODEM 164, 278 Modulation 125-33
quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) 128 signal constellation 129 trellis 131
two-dimensional 128 use in multiplexing 195 Motion Picture Expert Group (MPEG) 99, 100, 657, 789-90, 809, 810 audio compression 781-82 Motion vector 788, 790 MP3 782 MPEG-1 789-91 MPEG-2 789, 791-94 MPEG-4 792 multiplexing 792 video coding standards 789-92 MP3 782
MPOA Client (MPC) 682-84 MPOA Server (MPS) 682-84 Multicast address 350, 401, 423, 564, 596, 615, 697 Multicast backbone (MBONE) 617 Multicast routing 37, 611-12, 697 distance-vector multicast routing 617 IGMP 614-15
reverse-path broadcasting 612-14 reverse-path multicasting 615-16 Multicasting 490 Multihomed AS 591 Multilevel transmission 108, 119 Multimedia 8, 765, 792-93, 798, 800, 813 Multimode fiber 145, 146, 407 Multiple access communications 341-45 Multiplexer 10-11, 16, 22-23, 193, 232, 254, 255, 263, 313-25, 337, 338, 364-65, 371, 376, 378-80, 396, 398 add-drop 201-02, 224, 239 asynchronous 198
ATM 628, 637-38, 640, 642, 655, 669, 833 average delay 820-21, 825, 829-30, 833 digital hierarchy 196-97, 628 FDM 195 inverse 670
optical add-drop 208, 210 SONET 200 T-1 196 TDM 195-98 WDM 210 Multiplexing 13-14, 16-19, 89, 193-98 AAL2 646-47, 656
AAL3/4 649, 651-52, 655, 669, 671, 673 concentration 232-37 evaluating performance 833 MPEG 792 SONET 199-203 STS-n signals 207 Multiplexing gain 234, 323-24, 671, 829 Multiplexing identifier, See Message identifier Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) 685-93, 712-714
Multiprotocol over ATM (MPOA) 682-84, 712 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME) 48 Multistage switch 213-15
Nagle algorithm 582 Name servers 47 Names 4, 5, 17, 28, 39, 40 National network 11
Negative acknowledgment frame (NAK) 271, 273,
277, 282-83, 286, 307, 310 netstat utility 86, 92, 556, 621 Network Allocation Vector (NAV) 427-28, 430-31, 457
Network architectures 1, 14, 32, 35, 43, 802, 812 ATM 29, 627-28, 674 OSI reference model 50, 53-57 Signaling System #7 230-31 TCP/IP 30, 56-60 Network byte order 69, 71, 72, 549
Network control protocol (NCP) 42, 312 Network diameter 499 Network evolution 692, 812-14 computer networks 20-28 telegraph 15-17 telephone 17-20 Network ID 28, 60, 551-52 Network interface card (NIC) 25, 61, 62, 64, 86, 138, 143, 349-50, 353, 401-04, 437, 679, 712 Network interface layer 58, 59 Network layer 53-55, 58, 59, 88, 90, 264-66, 330, 351-53, 402, 437, 450, 453, 679-80, 684 data link services 303-05 network services 268 PPP 311-12
Network management 13, 32, 38, 53, 57, 251, 836 in SONET 202 MIB 844-45 mobility 246 overview 837-39 SMI 842-44 SNMP 839-41 Network monitoring 238 Network resources bandwidth 193 efficient usage 232, 234 See also Bandwidth; Buffers Network security 3, 424, 437-38, 717-18, 727-41 Network service model, See Service model Network topologies 9-14 and routing 485, 494-501 arbitrary topologies using SONET and ADMs 201
ATM 505-06 LANs 349, 403, 406, 408 logical fully-connected 201, 210 physical ring 201, 210, 343, 373, 408-09, 414 packet 466-71 WDM 210-11 Network virtual terminal (NVT) 80-81 Network-network interface (NNI) 631, 633, 653, 659
Next header field 563, 566, 567
Next Hop Client (NHC) 680-81
Next Hop Resolution Protocol (NHRP) 680-82,
709, 712 Next Hop Server (NHS) 680-82 Noise 23, 104-10, 119-22, 130, 133, 135-36, 143, 153, 181, 355, 385, 417, 434 quantization 772, 780-81, 808 Non-blocking switch 213-14 Nonce 721, 723, 734 Nonpersistent CSMA 360-62 Nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) encoding 122, 123, 182 Nonuniform quantizers 774, 775 Normal response mode (NRM) 305, 369 NRZ-Inverted (NRZ-I) encoding 124, 147 Nyquist sampling rate 768, 769, 773 sampling theorem 769-70, 773, 806, 807 signaling rate 107, 116-19, 129
Offered load 233-36, 259, 824, 835 Onboard switch 247 1-Persistent CSMA 360-62 Open-loop congestion control admission control 518-19 policing 519-22 QoS guarantees 525-27 traffic shaping 522-25 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) 37, 594-602, 621,
624, 625, 674 Open systems interconnection (OSI) 50, 340, 349,
351, 353, 836, 843 Operations administration and management
(OAM) 199, 634, 648 Optical add-drop multiplexer 209-10 Optical carrier level-n (OC-n) 199-200 Optical fiber 10, 17, 19, 32, 134, 257, 349, 399, 404, 406, 414 bit error rates 153 bit rates 110, 199, 208 transmission 144-48 Optical network 223, 238, 254, 258, 379 future of 211, 813 single-fiber ring 210, 255 SONET 198-208 two-fiber ring 202-03 WDM 208-11 Optical layer (SONET) 204-05 Orthogonal spreading sequences 386, 389 OSI reference model 50, 53-57, 89, 96, 264, 340, 349, 351, 684 and SS7 231
relation to telephone network 227 Out of order 25, 27, 270, 273, 286, 288, 302 Overlay model 677-84 Overload control 13, 237-39
Packet 14, 24-30, 40-42, 54, 59, 264-65, 341, 343, 345-47, 353, 401, 405-07, 438, 460, 477 authentication 729, 735 dropping 509-10, 543 encapsulation example 60-64 encryption 731, 736 exchanges 86 filtering 713
forwarding 676, 680, 682, 685-91, 693-94,
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