Introduction Qja
The development of information technology is particularly noticeable in the methods and techniques of data acquisition, high-performance computing, and bandwidth frequency. According to a newly observed phenomenon, called a storage low Fayyad amp Uthurusamy, 2002 , the capacity of digital data storage is doubled every 9 months with respect to the price. Data can be stored in many forms of digital media, for example, still images taken by a digital camera, MP3 songs, or MPEG videos from...
Introduction Ecs
The world continues to be driven by the rapid development of information technology and globalization. Not surprisingly, the working environments that have been projected to grow the fastest are all related to the usage of computers, the Internet, and information systems. With globalization, many multinational corporations MNCs are increasingly employing virtual teams VTs . It was reported that 137 million workers worldwide are involved in some form of remote electronic work Solomon, 2001 ....
Usability
The success of any interactive product or system is ultimately dependent on it providing the right facilities for the task at hand in such a way that it can be effectively used, at an a appropriate price Dillon, 1994 . In the past, implementation of business software involved acquiring purchasing a piece of software in order to install and use an interface. The World Wide Web WWW and its associated standardized technologies have changed this and now provide the interface before transactions are...
Contents
Adoption of Communication Products and the Individual Critical Mass Markus Voeth and Marcus Liehr 1 Affective Computing Maja Agent Frameworks Reinier Zwitserloot and Maja 15 Application of Genetic Algorithms for QoS Routing in Broadband Networks Leonard Barolli and Akio Application Service Providers Vincenzo Morabito and Bernardino Assessing Digital Video Data Similarity WaleedE. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Leo Tan Wee Hin andR. ATM Technology and E-Learning Initiatives Marlyn Kemper...
References Rof
Bell, R.T. 1991 . Translation and translating Theory and practice. London Longman. Esselink, B. 2000 . A practical guide to localization. Amsterdam Philadelphia John Benjamins Publishing. Fry, D. 2003 The localization primer 2nd ed. , revised by Arle Lommel. Fechy Localization Industry Standards Association LISA . Georgakopoulou, Y. 2004 . DVD subtitling A search for the Holy Grail A paper given at the International Conference on Audiovisual Translation. In So Many Words University of London,...
Conclusion Hnp
Because of its complexity, the successful implementation of an eCRM system requires a preliminary effort of business analysis, planning, and modelling. The choice of an appropriate modeling language is a necessary and essential step within this process. This article attempted to present the manifold utility of the UML for business modeling, which is advocated by many authors 1. UML can be used to represent the workflow processes within the organization and especially the flow ofinformation,...
References Qaz
Ballantyne, R., Bain, J.D., amp Packer, J. 1999 . Researching university teaching in Australia Themes and issues in academics' reflections. Studies in Higher Education, 24 2 , 237-257. Bates, A.W. 2000 . Managing technological change. San Francisco Jossey-Bass. Goddard, M. 2002 . What do we do with these computers Reflections on technology in the classroom. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 35 1 , 19-26. Hannafin, M., Land, S., amp Oliver, K. 1999 . Open learning environments...
Fllric Cost Methodology
The objective of the FL-LRIC cost model is to estimate the investment cost incurred by a new hypothetical entrant operator under particular conditions. This new operator has to provide the same service briefcase as the established one. Furthermore, the new operator has to define an optimal network configuration using the most suitable technology Hackbarth, 2002 . Using the FL-LRIC methodology, market partners can estimate the pricep A of a corresponding service A. The underlying concepts to...
Relevance Of Communities
Many works in cultural geography, sociology, and anthropology refer to the mediating role oftechnologies in structuring the relationship between individuals and their social environment or community Green, 2002 . Community can be defined as the formation of relatively stable long-term online group associations Barkardjiva amp Feenberg, 2002, p. 183 . Traditionally, the concept of community is associated with many circumstances or factors however, a common physical location was for many years...
References Byg
Alge, B.J., Wiethoff, C., amp Klein, H.J. 2003 . When does the medium matter Knowledge-building expe riences and opportunities in decision-making teams. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 91, 26-37. Antonakis, J., amp Atwater, L. 2002 . Leader distance A review and a proposed theory. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 673-704. Apgar, IV, M. 1998 . The alternative workplace Changing where and how people work. Harvard Business Review, 76 3 , 121-136. Bell, B.S., amp Kozlowski, S.W.J....
Proactive Tracing
Proactive IP-traceback techniques prepare tracking information while packets are in transit, and this is done regardless of the occurrence of an attack. If an attack takes place, the victim can use this captured information to identify the attack source. If no attacks occur, all of the time and effort put into generating the tracing information is wasted. Existing proactive tracing methods essentially follow three strategies packet marking, messaging, and logging. Figure 2 Node appending...
Nontechnical Types Of Information Security Threats
In the past, much information security research and attention focussed largely on technical issues. However, in recent years, it has become widely acknowledged that human factors play a part in many security failures Weirich amp Sasse, 2002 Whitman, 2004 . While technical threats are usually more high pro file and given much media and financial attention, non-technical human and physical threats are sometimes more effective and damaging to information security. Non-technical threats include...
References Yiy
Badre, A. 2002 . Shaping Web usability Interaction design in context. New York Addison-Wesley. Briggs, R. amp Hollis, N. 1997 . Advertising on the Web Is there response before click through Journal of Advertising Research, 2 , 33-45. Calongne, C.M. 2001 . Designing for Web site usability. Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, 3 , 39-45. Chen, K. amp Sockel, H. 2001, August 3-5 . Enhancing visibility of business Web sites A study of cyber interactivity. Proceedings of Americas Conference on...
Reactive Tracing
In a reactive approach, tracing is performed after an attack is detected and, hence, no prior processing of tracking information is required. This economizes the traceback mechanism by avoiding all the preparatory processing work undertaken by proactive approaches. The disadvantage of this approach is that if the attack ceases while the reactive tracing is being undertaken, the tracing process may fail to identify the origin of the attack due to a lack of necessary tracking information. This is...
Conclusion Dye
The objective of this article is to examine different wireless technology investment tools and formulate an appropriate wireless technology investment strategy. This research begins with the presentation of several uncertainties and risks in the field of wireless technology. First, the field has no single and universally accepted standard. Wireless networks lack the bandwidth oftheir wired counterparts. User interface is an uncertainty related to the development of wire less technology. Finally...
Multimedia Datamining Critical Issues
Multimedia data mining can open new threats to informational privacy and information security if not used properly. These activities can give occasion for new types of privacy invasion that may be achieved through the use of cyberspace technology for such things as dataveillance, that is, surveillance by track- Table 1. A list of multimedia data-mining application domains audio analysis classifying audio track, music mining medical image mining mammography mining, finding associations between...
Agentbased Approach
As more and more computers are connected to the network, the security risks increase accordingly Manikopoulos, 2002 . Although vulnerability assessment tools Martin, 2001 see Table 1 and IDS Denning, 1997 Kemmerer, 2002 are good solutions, they lack several important features Cardoso, 2004 . Network administrators need to be updated permanently and in control of everything that is appended in their networks. However, it is well known that this may not be feasible in real time. An administrator...
Internal Context Proximate Context and Distal Context
Besides the behavioral classification, contextual elements can also be classified based on their physical locus. According to whether the contextual elements are within or outside the body of a consumer, a consumer context can be divided into internal and external contexts. An internal context is comprised of sensible body conditions that may influence a consumer's needs. By definition, internal context is part of need context. An external context, however, can refer to both the supply context...
References Lwq
Assi, C.M., Ye, Y., Dixit, S., amp Ali, M.A. 2003 . Dynamic bandwidth allocation for quality-of-service over ethernet PONs. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 21 9 , 1467-1477. Blake, S., et al. 1998 . An architecture for differentiated services. Internet Engineering Task Force, RFC 2475. Braden, R., Clark, D., amp Shenker, S. 1994 . Integrated services in the Internet architecture An overview. Internet Engineering Task Force, RFC 1633. Byun, H.-J., Nho, J.-M., amp Lim, J.-T....
References Jbr
Bergen, R. S., Jr. 1986 . Economic analysis of fiber versus alternative media. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 4, 1523-1526. New York IEEE. Cable Television Laboratories, Inc. 2004 . Data-over-cable service interface specifications DOCSIS 2.0 Radio frequency interface specification. Louisville, CO Cable Television Laboratories, Inc. Retrieved July 7, 2004, from http Committee on Broadband Last Mile Technology, National Research Council. 2002 . Broadband Bringing home the bits....
References Qrv
Booch, G. 2000 . Unifying enterprise development teams with the UML. Journal of Database Management, 11 4 , 37-40. Conallen, J. 2000 . Building Web applications with UML. London Addison Wesley Longman. Eriksson, H.-E., amp Penker, M. 2000 . Business modelling with UML Business patterns at work. New York John Wiley amp Sons. Fjermestad, J., amp Romano Jr., N.C. 2003 . Electronic customer relationship management. Revisiting the general principles of usability and resistance An integrative...
Some Speech Synthesis Systems
Bell Lab TTS Bell Labs now a part of Lucent Technologies has been active in speech synthesis research for 7 decades and has implemented an interactive and multilingual TTS site on the Web. Bell Labs' systems are concatenative and use diphones as their basic stored speech elements http www.bell-labs.com news 1997 march 5 1.html . DECtalk DECtalk, originally developed for telephony applications by the Digital Equipment Corporation's Assistive Technology Group ATG , uses a digital formant...
Background Vnl
Though first proposed more than 20 years ago, the ELM Petty amp Cacioppo, 1981, 1986 helps to explain how information seekers process persuasive messages. Recent work Duthler, 2001 Karsen amp Korgaomkar, 2001 Singh amp Dalal, 1999 to refine and adapt the ELM to digital media such as the Web has proven fruitful. An exploration ofthe fundamental tenants of the ELM, some criticisms, and recent refinements will help demonstrate its applicability to persuasion in digital media. The ELM is an...
Retina and Iris Scanning
Considered by many to be the most secure of all biometrics, eye-based biometrics have traditionally been utilized in high-security applications, such as prisons, government agencies, and schools. Eye scanning comes in two forms iris scanning and retina scanning. The first biometric eye-scanning technologies were developed for retina recognition. Retinal scanners examine the patterns of blood vessels at the back of the eye by casting either natural or infrared light onto them. Retina scanning...
Comparison Of Digital Filters
FIR filters are often preferred over IIR filters because they have many very desirable properties Mitra, 2001 Proakis amp Manolakis, 1996 , such as linear phase, stability, absence of limit cycle, and good quantization properties. Arbitrary frequency responses can be designed, and excellent design techniques are available for a wide class of filters. The main disadvantage of FIR filters is that they involve a higher degree of computational complexity compared to IIR filters with equivalent...
The Role of Technology in Mediating Interaction
Technology can provide support for different forms of leadership and styles of working found in group organizations. We consider groups to negotiate their position along several key dimensions Table 1 that characterize the learning environment. Flexibility in the environment to support negotiation is a key factor in the effectiveness of the VLC. The position occupied along each dimension affects the nature of activity in a virtual learning community. For example, if a group member undertakes...
Defining Multimedia
The term multimedia generally refers to the combination of several media of communication, such as text, graphics, video, animation, music and sound effects Gaytan amp Slate, 2002, 2003 . When used in conjunction with computer technology, multimedia has been referred to by some as interactive media Fetterman, 1997 Gaytan amp Slate, 2002, 2003 . Gaytan and Slate cite four components essential to multimedia a a computer to coordinate sound, video and interactivity b hyperlinks that connect the...
Introduction Kyt
The networks of today are passing through a rapid evolution and are opening a new era of Information Technology IT . In this information age, customers are requesting an ever-increasing number of new services, and each service will generate other requirements. This large span of requirements introduces the need for flexible networks. Also, future networks are expected to support a wide range of multimedia applications which raises new challenges for the next generation broadband networks. One...
Eu Pof Net
In order to better coordinate European activities in the field of polymer optical fibers, a European information network see http eu-pofnet.org is presently being set up. One of the first steps was the founding of the work group Polymer Optical Fibers within the framework of the FOToN project in Nuremberg on December 6, 2000. Int97 Interbusclub Deutschland e.V. 1997, November . Technische Richtlinie Optische Ubertragungstechnik. Version 1.0, Article no. 9318201. Kaino, T. 1985 . Influence of...
References Rbz
Backroad Connections Pty Ltd. 2002 . Effective online facilitation. Australian National Training Authority. Barner-Rasmussen, M. 1999 . Virtual interactive learning environments for higher-education institutions. Proceedings of the Nordic Workshop on Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, Goteberg, Sweden. Belotti, V., Ducheneuat, N., Howard, M.A., amp Smith, I.E. 2003 . Taking e-mail to task The design and evaluation of a task management centered e-mail tool. Proceedings of ACM Conference...
Principles And Guidelines To Support Usability
Dix 1998 , for example, put forward principles to support usability in three categories Learnability, flexibility and robustness. Learnability refers to the ease with which new users can begin effective interaction and then attain a maximal level of performance. Usability principles related to learnability include predictability, synthesizability, familiarity, generalizability and consistency. Flexibility refers to the multiplicity of ways in which the user and the system exchange information....
EXPONENTIAL APPROXIMATION OF MPQoS VS BITRATE CURVES
The experimental MPQoS curves of Figure 2 can be successfully approximated by a group of exponential functions. Consequently, the MPQoS level of an MPEG-4 video clip, encoded at bit rate BR, can be analytically estimated by the following equation MPQoS PQh-PQl 1 e a BR-BRL PQL, a gt 0 and BR gt BRL 4 where the parameter a is the time constant of the exponential function, determines the shape of the curve. Since the maximum deviation error between the experimental and the exponentially...
Issues And Challenges Faced By Virtual Teams
There are some challenges and issues facing the VTs that we need to address. First of all, the emergence of VTs implies the extensive use of electronic forms of communication such as e-mail, videoconferencing, online discussion forums, the Internet, and so forth. The complexity in communicating over time, distance, and space causes the MNCs unique problems that are not easy to solve. Although distance and speed can be considered the most desirable advantages to VTs, there are other essential...
Malware Attack Trends
The IT world is experiencing the transition from an old traditional form of viruses and worms to a new and more complicated one. The trend of virus attacks is that fast worms such as the recent Mydoom as well as new blended attacks that combine worms and viruses are the major infective force in the cyber world and will likely become more frequent in years ahead. In general, such viruses are spreading via updated and increasingly sophisticated methods and are capable of damaging more...
Background Llh
VR is a medium composed of interactive computer simulations that sense the viewer's position and actions and replace or augment the feedback to one or more senses such as seeing, hearing, and or touch, giving the feeling of being mentally immersed or present in the virtual space Sherman and Craig, 2003 . They can have a stereoscopic view of the object and its front view or side view according to their perspectives. They can touch and or handle the virtual object by hand gesture Burdea, 2003...
ARGAQ Algorithm
In ARGA and GLBR algorithms, the best route was decided considering only the delay time. The ARGAQ is a unicast source-based routing algorithm and uses for routing two parameters the Delay Time DT and Transmission Success Rate TSR . Let consider a network as shown in Figure 6. The node A is a source node and node B is the destination node. Let node A sends 10 packets to node B. The total TSR value for Figures 6 a and Figure 6 b is calculated by Eq. 1 and Eq. 2 , respectively. 10 x 0.9 x 0.9 x...
MultipleAccess Methodology
Multiple access is realized through channelization and scrambling. Channel symbols are spread by the channelization code orthogonal Hadamard codes and then chip-by-chip multiplication with the scrambling code takes place long, partial gold codes of length 38,400 or short S 2 codes of length 256 for future uplink multiuser reception . The chip rate of both channelization and scrambling codes is constant at 3.84 Mchip s. Figure 7. Example of OVSF channelization code-tree usage Figure 7. Example...
List of Contributors
Ahmed, Ansary Open University of Malaysia, Malaysia Ajiferuke, Isola University of Western Ontario, Canada Akhtar, Shakil United Arab Emirates University, UAE Ally, Mohamed Athabasca University, Canada Angehrn, Albert A. Center for Advanced Learning Technologies, INSEAD, France Angelides, Marios C. Brunei University, UK Arbore, Alessandro Bocconi University, Italy Auld, Jonathan M. NovAtel Inc., Canada Baralou, Evangelia University of Sterling, Scotland Barolli, Leonard Fukuoka Institute of...