References 1
1.2.1 Flanagan, J.L. Speech analysis, synthesis and perception, Springer-Verlag, 1972 1.2.2 Jayant, N.S. , Noll, P. Digital coding of waveforms, Prentice Hall, 1984 1.2.3 Kelly, F. Notes on effective bandwidths, www.statslab.cam.ac.uk. frank 1.2.4 Kretzmer, E. R. Statistics of Television signals, Bell System Tech. J., pp. 751-763. 1.2.5 Kummerow Statistics for efficient linear and nonlinear picture coding, Int. Telemetering Conf, pp.149161, October 1972. 1.2.6 Lee, B., Kang, M., Lee, J....
NMLEML Interface
The composition of today's networks has contributed to the complexity of managing these networks. These networks are commonly composed of network elements provided by various vendors. The task of interoperability extends beyond the network element layer up to the management layers, to include interoperability between multi-vendor Element and Network Management Systems. Service Providers have also taken advantage of technological advancements in transport network equipment. It is not uncommon...
References Dgu
8.8.1 Public Key Infrastructure X.509 PKIX , 8.8.2 B. Schneier, Applied Cryptography, Wiley, 1997. f r Post und Telekommunikation, Geeignete Kryptoalgorithmen, 5.7.2001, at reg t digisign 29.pdf 8.8.6 Johnson, D.B., and Menezes, A.J., Elliptic Curve DSA ECDSA An Enhanced DSA, at 8.8.4 Rivest, R., Shamir, A. and Adleman, L., A method for obtaining digital signatures and public key cryptosystems, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 120-126, 1978. 8.8.5 S. Burnett, S. Paine, RSA's...
The MG1 queue
The queueing system with Poisson arrivals, general service time distributions and a single server M G 1 is a very important category in teletraffic theory. In this subsection we overview the major results related to this queueing system 1.7.1 , 1.7.2 , 1.7.3 , 1.7.4 . W waiting time in the queue T response time in the system Nq number of customers in the queue N number of customers in the system S service time The average waiting time and the number of customers in the queue for the M G 1...
The data connection layer
Basic functions of this layer are the regulation of the medium access and the hiding of the physical layer from before the upper layers transparency . The WLAN MAC protocols present new challenges as compared with conventional LAN protocols Ethernet, Token Ring . This is explained by the fact that multipath propagation is present in an indoor radio environment, so the field strength may drastsically change within small distances, and even fall below the required level. Another problem is...
Common channel signalling concept
The conventional channel-associated signalling systems are not suitable for the ISDN. The transmission of speech data and signalling requires different features from the transmission medium. In speech transmission, for a relatively long time, we have to transmit a lot of information in a strictly scheduled way 1-1 octet long samples in every 125 us . The signals do not require so strict scheduling, their information content is relatively small, and typically there is quite a lot of time between...
Leased Line Services
Leased line is composed of dedicated transmission circuits to use by a customer that provides for transparent transmission capacity between fixed network terminating points. It does not contain switching functions controlled by the user. Leased line service consists in the provision of transmission capacity in the backbone network, or between customer site and backbone network of the carrier. Leased line services are often used by other operators for their network build out. In another usual...
Atmospheric refraction
If we ignore special cases such as links between satellites, all radio path travel through the atmosphere. The lower part of the atmosphere, the troposphere has the main role in the refraction of the radio waves propagating through. Here the atmospheric gases have the concetration high enough to refract the radio waves from the straight line. This effect is caused by the spatial variation of the troposphere refractivity. The radio refractive index of the trophosphere is due to the molecular...
Statistical properties of video signals
When describing video as random processes one is encountered by long range dependence meaning that the correlation pattern is considerably high even in the case large time lags between the corresponding values of the video signal. One of the reasons for this behaviour is that there are repeated pixel patterns, which tend to appear in each frame. Therefore, video signals have a quasi-periodicity at the frame frequency. Some typical correlation's is shown by figure 1.2.7. Figure 1.2.7. Temporal...
FDDI and CDDI
The Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI is a 100-Mb s token-passing, dual-ring LAN using fiber-optic cable. FDDI is frequently used as high-speed backbone technology because of its support for high bandwidth and greater distances than copper. A new specification, called Copper Distributed Data Interface CDDI has emerged to provide 100-Mb s service over copper. CDDI is practically the implementation of the FDDI protocol over twisted-pair copper wire. FDDI uses a dual-ring architecture with...
PDH Plesyochronous Digital Hierarchy
The following multiplexing methods are applied in PDH telephone networks. Plesiochronous nearly synchronous . The clock signals of individual network tools multiplexers are identical only within specified tolerance limits. Their phase relations are not defined as they are not synchronized in lack of a synchronizing network. Note that this applies only for higher hierarchical levels because the 64 kb s signals and the 2 Mb s frames are synchronized to each other. Typically, a single equipment is...
The service provider
The service provider may be au undertaking, but not necessarily is an operator or an owner at the same time. In the everyday economic life these roles are often separated. In many developed countries one makes a difference between the network operator and the service provider and a separate licence is issued for the one or the other. The latter one SP is handled as an undertaking which enters the marketplace without own infrastructure and the expression sometimes receives a pejorative stress....
VPN Virtual Private Network Services
VPN virtual private network service is a network service for business customers, primarily for voice transmission and computer network applications. Nowadays it is used for combined voice and data applications as well. Private voice network service is a VPN made of private telephone branch exchange network and specialised to specific traffic distribution of the customer therefore its usage is cost-effective. Cost savings come from network provision over software based networking equipment...
Sccp
While the MTP is suitable to transmit signalling traffic between any two signalling points only of the same signalling network, the SCCP Signalling Connection Control Part is suitable to perform signalling between any two signalling points even of different signalling networks. What makes it possible The SCCP has the routing capability based not only on the CCSS7 point codes, but it can also use the Global Titles for routing. Global Titles are identifiers that are out of scope of the CCSS7 like...
Conditions of distance work
The technical background, the telecommunications devices, and adequate knowledge and skills for the use of those devices, with continuous further learning abilities and willingness are conditions for the spread of distance work, accepted by everybody. The technical requirement for distance work is a network relationship between the employer and employee, which is either established for this purpose, or exists independently from it, too. This network could be general Internet or intranet...
Quality of Service QoS
By definition, Quality of Service QoS is the collective effect of service performances which determines the degree of satisfaction of a user of the service. The quality of service is characterized by the combined aspects of service support performance, service operability performance, service integrity and other factors specific to each service ITU-T Rec. E.800 . The SLA QoS parameters support a contract between two parties. It is important to note that there is a distinct difference between...
Power supply interface of telecommunications equipment
One basic condition of the implementation of a power supply system, which is optimal both from technical and economical points of view, is that the parameters of the power supply interfaces of the powered equipment shall be standardised or uniformed. The power supply interface is the common interface between two functional units, at which the power unit is connected to the telecommunications equipment. With the standardisation of the parameters of the power supply interface the compatibility...
Mscvlr
IMSI TMSI if present BSSMAP Complete Layer3 Info Cell Identifier RIL3-RR Paging Response TMSI or IMSI or IMEI RIL3-MM Authentication Request Calling Party Number if present Called Party Number if present Called Party MSISDN MAP C Send Routing Info Ack. Figure 3.8.3 SUP type signalling process Finally, the call will be established on the subscriber side in a similar way, as it is in the DSS1. The main difference is the Radio Channel Assignment. When the call is answered Connect , the MSC sends...
References Xvl
6.4.1. Building the European Information Society for us all. Final policy report of the high-level expert group. April 1997. European Commission, Directorate-General for employment, industrial relations and social affairs. Unit V B 4 6.4.2. eEurope. An Information Society For All. Communication on a Commission Initiati e for the Special European Council of Lisbon, March 2000 6.4.3. Green paper on the convergence of the telecommunications, media and information technology sectors, and the...
References Vbg
5.6.1 ETSI EN 300 001 1998-10 Attachments to Public Switched Telephone Network PSTN General technical requirements for equipment connected to an analogue subscriber interface in the PSTN 5.6.2 ETSI EN 300 386 2000-03 Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters ERM Telecommunication network equipment ElectroMagnetic Compatibility EMC requirements 5.6.3 ITU-T Recommendation K.20 Resistibility of telecommunication equipment installed in a telecommunication centre to overvoltage and...
Powering of wire communication networks
In the traditional wire line telecommunication systems the individual customers are connected via metallic conductors cables to the nearest telephone exchange. The metallic conductor e.g. copper pair is used for telecommunications and for the transmission of signals necessary for the building up of the connections. The required energy is provided by the powering system installed within the exchanges, or the energy is supplied via the metallic network to the equipment to be powered. In this...
Layered modell of networks
Communication protocols developed as communications technologies grow and expand, became and should evolve to a more and more sophisticated form as a result of the prevalence of man-machine and machine-to-machine communication beyond the traditional man-to-man one. Open systems, like intercommunicating computers and similar intelligent data terminals need for data communication among them such sets and suits of communication protocols, which can serve or support all of the requirements of any...
Integrated mobile personal terminal
Some fifteen years ago the European businessman visiting the USA was shocked about the widespread usage of mobile phones in public places. Ten years ago having one here in Europe was a status symbol, five years ago the parents began to attach one to their kids making them connectable and today in numerous countries the penetration of mobile phones exceed that of the terrestrial. Listening to one anywhere except particular places or events and speaking to one if not too loudly is no more...
Data communication networks
In data networks data terminal equipment change data with other data terminal equipment or network devices. The rules governing data interchange between data terminal equipment and between terminals and networking devices are called communication protocols. In that sense computer networks are data communication networks. This section deals with data communication networks and concentrating on the problematic of the data link layer. Every data interchangein data communication networks are...
Teletraffic dimensioning of the Internet
We are just in the phase to see the birth of the teletraffic theory of the Internet. Currently network provisioning is based on some rules of thumb and teletraffic theory has no major impact in the design of the Internet. As we discussed in chapter 3 the nature of the data traffic is significantly different from the nature of voice traffic and no general laws can be found as it was in the case of voice traffic. New techniques and models are expected to develop in teletraffic theory of the...
Regulation of quality of service [1135 [1138
The key questions related to the QoS regulation are the following character of the regulatory enviroment monopoly or competitive enviroment , determination of QoS indicator set, published by service providers, policy applied to the service provider, as he she does or does not perform the in case of new services, timeschedule of introducing QoS parameters, the method and steps of maintaining quality, by the service provider. In the era of monopoly, first of all in the 80-es there were two basic...
Tcap
For controlling the GSM calls, transactions are used. For the transactions there is no need to establish signalling connections, but the transactions must somehow be identified, and if a transaction has a request answer form as in most of the cases , then somehow it must be able to pair the proper messages. Among others, these are the tasks of the TCAP Transaction Capabilities Application Part protocol, that uses the UDT UnitData message of the connectionless service of the SCCP. The SCCP is...
GSM Supplementary Services
Calling Line Identification Presentation CLIP Calling Line Identification Restriction CLIR Connected Line Identification Presentation COLP Connected Line Identification Restriction COLR Call Forwarding Unconditional CFU Call Forwarding on Mobile Subscriber Busy CFB Call Forwarding on No Reply CFNRy Call Forwarding on Mobile Subscriber Not Reachable CFNRc Barring of All Outgoing Calls BAOC Barring of Outgoing International Calls BOIC Barring of All Incoming Calls BAIC Barring of Incoming Calls...
Optically terminated multiplexer OTM
The OTM is suitable for receiving and transmitting N independent digital pulse trains over N independent wavelengths. The OTM is connected via protocol specific transponders to the client layers. Usual client signals are shown in the Table. In the case of protocol independent transmission, the bit error rate cannot be monitored. Figure 2.1.5.7. Functional representation of an optically terminated multiplexer OTM Figure 2.1.5.7. Functional representation of an optically terminated multiplexer...
Structure of the ISUP signals
The functionality of most of the ISUP messages is similar to those of the channel associated signalling. The most important differences are the digital format and the wide parameter set. An illustration of the general format of an ISUP message can be seen on Figure 3.4.9. Each ISUP message contains the already mentioned routing label and a circuit identification code. The latter identifies the voice ISDN circuit the signal refers to. It is followed by the message type code. Each message may...
The generalized Benes formula
Consider a service system with unlimited buffer. Assume that the system is stationary so that 0 represents an arbitrary time instant. The server capacity is 1 unit work per unit of time. The complementary distribution of the amount of work in the system at time 0 can be computed 1.7.5 by P V0 gt x JP u gt x gt u du and V-u 0 , where t is defined by t A t -1, t gt 0, and A t is the amount of work arriving to the system in the interval -t,0 . The result covers all realizable queueing systems and...
Concept of network and service quality
One of the newest and most general definitions of quality, derived from ISO ISO 9000 2000 DIS was born in year 2000 the quality is ability of a set of inherent characteristics of a product, system or process to fulfil requirements of customers and other interested parties The product may be a traditional product or a service, too. The services are intangible, inseparable, perishable and variable. The differences between the products and services lay in their quality interpretations, too. The...