Rach
Note DL, downlink UL, uplink CCH, Control Channels TCH, Traffic Channels. they connect the RLC sublayer to the RRC sublayer and in the user plane they connect the RLC sublayer to voice and data upper layers. UTRAN channels are categorized as common, dedicated, and shared. The common shared by all MSs in cell and the dedicated used by individual MSs channel categories apply to physical, transport, and logical channels. The shared shared by some MSs in a cell channel category applies to physical...
Signaling Interfaces and Protocols
The interfaces and protocols for signaling between a MS and the PLMN are shown in Fig. 12.7-2 10 . ETSI has defined two interfaces the Um radio interface between a MS and the BSS, and the A cable interface between BSS and MSC. This is different from the U.S. cellular systems AMPS, IS-54 , where it is assumed that a MSC and its associated base stations BSs are supplied by the same manufacturer, and that the MSC-to-BSS interface is an internal manufacturer-specific interface. The A-interface...
LOWER LAYERS 2231 ATM Layer
The ATM layer is responsible for cell formatting. An ATM cell consists of a 5-byte header and a 48-byte information field, for a total of 53 bytes. The size of the information field is the result of a compromise reached at the then CCITT between European and North American proposals. Both sides wanted a short cell for speed and efficiency, but Europeans advocated a 32-byte payload, while North Americans favored a 64-byte payload so it was agreed to split the difference. The header contains the...
PNNI Routing Protocol
Before addressing the signaling part of the PNNI protocol, a few words about the PNNI routing protocol are needed, since it plays a role that affects connection setup. Routing protocols are a basic function of packet networks and are used by Layer 3 nodes, such as routers, to exchange reachability and link status information without manual intervention. That exchange of information is done so that a route path from the source to the destination can be determined at all times, as nodes and links...
Sacch
Figure 12.8-2. Call originated by MS. From GSM 04.08 Version 4.10.0. Courtesy of ETSI. Section 12.9.1 . The network then assigns a SDCCH and returns an IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT message Section 12.9.1 . At this point, the MS and BSS tune their transmitter and receiver to the SDCCH. The MS next sends a CM SERVICE REQUEST Section12.9.2 , indicating that it wishes to originate a call. The network then decides whether to execute or skip the MS authentication. If the MS has ciphering capability, they...
FrequencyDivision Multiplexing
Frequency-division multiplexing FDM 4,5 is a technique to carry the signals of a group of n analog four-wire trunks on a common four-wire analog transmission system. In each direction of transmission, the bandwidth of the transmission system is divided into n 300-3400 Hz channels, spaced at intervals of 4 kHz, for a total bandwidth of n x 4 kHz Fig. 1.4-5 . Figure 1.4-6 shows a group of n FDM trunks between exchanges X and Y. In this example, the trunks appear at the exchanges as two-wire...
Info Pnt
1. These two phases take place only if an endpoint needs to register with its GK. 2. This phase takes place for every call except when no GK is present. 3. Since the call signaling channel may not need to stay up for the whole duration of the connection, the Q.931 termination sequence may happen earlier in the call, although obviously after call setup. The decision is made by the GK. 1. These two phases take place only if an endpoint needs to register with its GK. 2. This phase takes place for...
Messages for Mobility Management MM
Authentication Request. This message is sent by the network on SDCCH to check the authenticity of the MS. It includes the random number IE RAND . Authentication Response. This message is sent by a MS on SDCCH in response to the Authentication Request. It includes the signed response SRES . CM Service Request. This message is sent by a MS on SDCCH to request a connection management CM service. It includes the CM service type IE, which specifies the requested service e.g., the setup of a...
Tcuabort
Figure 16.1-4. Transaction examples. Figure 16.1-4. Transaction examples. case b , the invoked operation yields information, which is returned in an End message with a RR-L component. In case c , ASE-2 needs more information from ASE-1 before it can execute Invoke 1. It therefore returns a Continue message, whose Invoke 2 requests the information. After executing Invoke 2, ASE-1 sends a Continue message, in which RR-L 1 contains the requested information. ASE-2 now executes Invoke 1 and returns...
CDMA Coding
Spread Spectrum. CDMA belongs to a class of transmission methods called spread spectrum after the fact that the baseband data from the source is spread over a much wider bandwidth than the minimum needed for communication. The use of a wider bandwidth is compensated by the fact that multiple users can access that bandwidth concurrently, without interfering with each other. Different methods exist within the scope of spread spectrum, such as frequency hopping FH and direct sequence DS . The CDMA...
Sacnxx Sacnxxxxxx
Service access code 700, 800, 900, 976, etc. First six digits of a 700, 800, 900, etc. number Complete ten-digit 700, 800, 900, etc. number The criterion for this trigger is met when a call is made to any NANP number to which the trigger has been assigned. Calls made by any originator line, private facility trunk using the NANP can encounter the trigger. 17.2.10 Terminating Attempt Trigger TAT Terminating attempt triggers TATs can be assigned to directory numbers covered by the SSP exchange....
Snb
APM message carrying the IPCB message as an IE in the APT parameter carrying the IPBCP message as a BCTP PDU carrying the IPBCP message as a BCTP PDU Physical message path ------ Logical message path - 1 IPBCP message is encapsulated in a BCTP PDU and inserted into a H.248 message. 2 IPBCP message is extracted from the H.248 message, encapsulated in an APT parameter and inserted into a BICC APM message. 3 IPBCP message is extracted from the APM message, encapsulated in a BCTP PDU and inserted...
Introduction To Telecommunications
There are two types of communication networks circuit-switched networks and packet-switched networks. In circuit-switched networks a dedicated physical digital or analog circuit between the calling and called party is set up at the start of a call and released when the call has ended. Traditional telephone networks are circuit-switched networks and collectively form the switched-circuit network SCN . Today these networks are used for speech and other purposes, such as facsimile, and are usually...
References Sbz
1. Igor Faynberg, Marc P. Kaplan, Lawrence Gabuzda, and Nitin Shah, The Intelligent Network Standards Their Application to Services, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996. 2. Principles of Intelligent Network Architecture, Rec. Q.1201, ITU-T, Geneva, Oct. 1992. 3. Intelligent Network Service Plane Architecture, Rec. Q.1202, ITU-T, Geneva, Sep. 1997. 4. Intelligent Network Global Functional Plane Architecture, Rec. Q.1203, ITU-T, Geneva, Sep. 1997. 5. Intelligent Network Distributed Functional Plane...
Atm Addressing
ATM networks use two types of addresses for connection setup 1. Telephony numbering plan addresses, specified by ITU-T in Rec. E.164 Section 1.2 . This type of address is called native E.164. 2. ATM end system addresses AESAs , described in the Addressing Reference Guide and in the User Guide of the ATM Forum 33,34 . AESA are based on ISO's network service access point NSAP addresses, with some very minor differences 35 . For that reason they are sometimes referred to as NSAP AESAs or just NSAP...
Switchblocks
Analog Switchblocks. Until about 1975, all exchanges had analog switchblocks, implemented with electromechanical switching devices. In local exchanges, the switchblocks were two-wire Fig. 1.7-2 . The temporary paths in the switchblock, and the circuits attached to ports P, were two-wire bidirectional analog voiceband 300-3400 Hz circuits a . Figure 1.7-1. Exchange equipment. P, Port CC, control channel. Figure 1.7-1. Exchange equipment. P, Port CC, control channel. Figure 1.7-2. Local exchange...
Info Fdc
Figure 21.5-7. Protocol Data parameter for IUA Data messages. Figure 21.5-7. Protocol Data parameter for IUA Data messages. Fig. 21.5-8 the LAPV5 protocol is terminated at the SG, and V5.2 L3 applications reside in the ASP. V5UA inserts an additional header, immediately after the common header, which is virtually the same as the IUA additional header Fig. 21.5-6 . The only difference is that the unused field is used to carry the envelope function address EFA , to identify the V5.2 L3 protocols...
Sacch 1
Figure 12.8-3. Call terminating at MS. From GSM 04.08 Version 4.10.0. Courtesy of ETSI. The MS sends an ALERTING message Section 12.9.3 when it starts to alert its user. When the user answers, the MS sends a CONNECT message Section 12.9.3 , the network returns a CONNECT ACKNOWLEDGE Section 12.9.3 , and the conversation starts. The release of a connection can be initiated by a disconnect message from the MS or via the network by a disconnect message or signal from the other party. Figure 12.8-4...
Subsystem Status Test Affected Point Code
SCMG informs its local subsystems about a status change of a subsystem at another signaling point with an N-state indication. N-PC-State Indications. These primitives are passed by SCMG to its local subsystems to indicate the status of a signaling point. N-Coord Primitives. These primitives are used when a subsystem that has a backup subsystem say, a network database wants to go out of service. Parameters. The parameters in N-primitives are listed in Table 15.5-1. Subsystem Status. This...
Overview Of Mtp Level 3
The message transfer part level 3 MTP3 is divided into the following two groups of functions Fig. 8.7-1 . Signaling Message Handling SMH . This handles the transfer of messages between peer MTP-users -Telephone User Part TUP , Integrated Services Figure 8.7-1. MTP3 primitives. SIO, Service information octet SSF, sub service field SI, service indicator SIF, signaling information field RL, routing label OPC, origanting point code DPC, destination point code SLS, signaling link section UM, user...
Scf
The IN application uses operations to realize its services Chapter 14 21 , with each ASE responsible for one or more operations. INAP AEs send requests to invoke operations and respond to requests with return results or with the invocation of other operations. Return results are returned for operations that request data from the recipient of the request, such as AddEntry, DirectoryBind, and RemoveEntry Table 18.4-1 invokes are returned when a request asks for instructions on what to do next....
Introduction To Amps Signaling
This section describes a number of basic signaling procedures between the mobile and the cellular mobile network CMN . The focus is on the messages in the radio-frequency channels between a mobile MS and a base station BS . The division of functions between the mobile switching center MSC and its base stations is implementation-dependent. We assume here that all logic of the CMN resides in the MSC, and that the BS merely transmits messages as directed by the MSC and reports all received...
Routreq
routreq TLDN locreq TLDN Figure 19.3-2. Operations for terminating calls. From IS-41.3-B. Reproduced with permission of TIA. Case b . HLR determines that mobile is being served by MSC-C, a switching center in its home network. HLR then initiates a routing-request operation with MSC-C, by sending a ROUTREQ invoke that includes the MIN of the called mobile. MSC-C allocates a TLDN, associates it with the received MIN, and includes TLDN in its return-result routreq . The TLDN is also included in...
Tpei
BVEI BCTP Version Error Indicator TPEI Tunneled Protocol Error Indicator Figure 21.6-4. BCTP encapsulation header From Rec. Q.1990. R reproduced with the kind permission of ITU . BVEI BCTP Version Error Indicator TPEI Tunneled Protocol Error Indicator Figure 21.6-4. BCTP encapsulation header From Rec. Q.1990. R reproduced with the kind permission of ITU . Messages are first encapsulated by the sending BCF using the Bearer-Control Tunneling Protocol BCTP 33 , a generic tunneling procedure for...
Effect Of Isup Cic In Sls
OPC Originating Point Code DPC Destination Point Code SI Service Indicator NI Network Indicator MP Message Priority SLS Signaling Link Selection Code UP User Protocol Figure 21.5-15. Protocol Data parameter for M3UA. OPC Originating Point Code DPC Destination Point Code SI Service Indicator NI Network Indicator MP Message Priority SLS Signaling Link Selection Code UP User Protocol Figure 21.5-15. Protocol Data parameter for M3UA. 21.5.8 SCCP User Adaptation Layer Protocol SUA This Adaptation...
Info Thn
Figure 8.3-3. a Link status unit and b fill-in signal unit. From Rec. Q. 703. Courtesy of ITU-T. 8.4 BASIC ERROR CORRECTION 8.4.1 Introduction to Error Correction Error correction of MSUs consists of screening received error-free MSUs for acceptance, positively acknowledging accepted MSUs and retransmitting MSUs that have not been accepted by the distant MTP2. ITU-T has defined two error-correction procedures for SS7 7 . Basic error correction, described in this section, is used on signaling...
Info Pqq
Presentation Method of Protocol Profile High Layer Characteristics Identification Figure 10.3-8. Format of IE.8 high-layer compatibility . From Rec. Q.931. Courtesy of ITU-T. Figure 10.3-8. Format of IE.8 high-layer compatibility . From Rec. Q.931. Courtesy of ITU-T. High-layer characteristics identification 000 0001 Telephony 000 0100 Facsimile group 4 110 0001 Teletex 110 0101 Telex IE.9 Keypad Facility Fig. 10.3-9 . This IE holds one or more digits that are received from a keypad TE. Keypad...
AIN Called Number Translation
AIN number translation requires the assignment of an office-based 3 6 10 digit trigger on certain directory numbers. The triggers have to be assigned in all SSPs. When a SSP encounters the trigger, it sends an Info_Analyzed message. The TriggerType Par.6 is set to 3, 6, or 10 digits. The calling party is identified, and the called number is in CalledPartyID Par.13 . Translation of 800, 900, and 976 Numbers. Translation of 800 numbers into routing numbers unpublished 10-digit NANP numbers has...
Info Cup
Figure 13.3-10. High-level view of the LAC protocol stack. Figure 13.3-10. High-level view of the LAC protocol stack. f-csch 1 SAR Length Utility MI Address ARQ L3 PDU Utility SAR CRC j r-csch 1 SAR Length Utility Address ARQ AMI L3 PDU Utility 1 SAR CRC AMI Authentication and Message Integrity MI Message Integrity CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check Figure 13.3-11. LAC PDU structure before SAR segmentation. the layer 3 interface. In the receive direction, the MCSB is generated by the SAR sublayer when...
A B C
Figure 1.3-2. Routing of inter-LATA call a routing in LATA1, b routing in IC network, and c routing in LATA2. Figure 1.3-2. Routing of inter-LATA call a routing in LATA1, b routing in IC network, and c routing in LATA2. In the IC network, the IDEST for the call is exchange K or L LATA2 Fig. 1.3-2 b and the routes for this destination at exchanges P, Q, R, S, and T are
Info Pcc
Feature dialing code FCD trigger Customized dialing plan CDP trigger Three-digit trigger area code Six-digit trigger area and exchange code Ten-digit trigger national number Termination attempt TAT trigger Off-hook immediate OHI trigger Off-hook delay OHD trigger Par.7 CallingPartyID. This parameter represents the number of the calling party. Its contents field has the AINDigits format. Numbering Plan NP . This can be public or private. 000 0001 Subscriber number 000 0011 National number 000...
CDMA Channels
Communication between a mobile station and a base station takes place in unidirectional channels, separated from one another by chipping codes and by timedivision or frequency-division multiplexing. CDMA uses the same, occasionally confusing, nomenclature used by AMPS, TDMA, and GSM Chapter 12 , where the term channel is used to denote both an individual channel and a group of channels. Communication in the forward direction from a BS to all MSs in the cell takes place in the Forward CDMA...
Info Rcb
Figure 21.5-4. Variable-length parameter format for the adaptation layer. Figure 21.5-4. Variable-length parameter format for the adaptation layer. ASP such as a MGC or an AS . The protocol stack and the signaling architecture are shown in Fig. 21.5-5 the Q.921 protocol is terminated at the SG, and the Q.931 application runs in the ASP. IUA inserts an additional header in its messages immediately after the common header Fig, 21.5-6 . The header carries the Interface Identifier, which identifies...
Basic Signaling Sequences
This section illustrates the use of TUP call-control messages, parameters, and signals, with a number of basic signaling sequences 4 . References to the descriptions in Section 9.2 are included. It is helpful to look up these references while reading the examples that follow. Figure 9.3-1 shows the signaling for a successful call in a national network from subscriber S1 to subscriber S2. Trunks T1 and T2 have TUP signaling. The address signaling is en-bloc. In this example, continuity checks...
N11
Inter-LATA call with specified carrier Service access codes dial-pulse phones Called Party Numbers. A calling subscriber dials a subscriber number a , a national number b, d , or an international number c, e , depending on whether the called party is in the same numbering plan area NPA as the calling party, or in a different NPA, or in a different country altogether. On national and international calls, the subscriber can request operator assistance d, e . A subscriber can also request operator...
Registration Notification
This operation is invoked by a MSC and executed by the HLR in the home network of MS. It has several purposes To determine whether MS is qualified to receive service. If yes, To transfer the MS service profile to MSC, possibly via its associated VLR, and To update HLR information about where the MS is receiving service. We first consider the case that the mobile and or the mobile network do not have authentication capability Section 12.6.7 . On receipt of a Registration message from MS, the MSC...
Info Xih
Source Rec. Q.763. Courtesy of ITU-T. Source Rec. Q.763. Courtesy of ITU-T. for overlap address signaling. The IAM then holds the initial digits of the called address, and the remaining digits are transferred in one or more SAMs. Continuity Message COT . This message is sent forward, during call setup, if the outgoing exchange has made a continuity test on an outgoing trunk. It indicates whether the test has been successful. Address Complete Message ACM . This is a backward message. When sent...
Map Provide Roamingnumber
Figure 19.8-4. Obtaining a mobile station roaming number. From GSM.09.02-Version 4.9.0. Courtesy of ETSI. Figure 19.8-5. Operations for terminating calls. From GSM.09.02-Version 4.9.0. Courtesy of ETSI. Figure 19.8-5. Operations for terminating calls. From GSM.09.02-Version 4.9.0. Courtesy of ETSI. operations authenticate, set_ciphering_mode, and forward_new_TMSI, which have been described in Section 19.7.3. The operations are not shown in the figure. Having successfully accomplished this, VLR...
Mtp3 Signaling Network Management
The purpose of MTP3 signaling network management is to keep the signaling message traffic flowing under abnormal congestion, failure conditions in the signaling network. Some of these conditions may require a temporary reduction or suspension of outgoing message traffic to certain destinations. In these cases, SNM alerts the level-4 protocols at its signaling point 8,10 . 8.9.1 Structure and Interfaces of SNM SNM consists of three parts see Fig. 8.9-1. SNM Link Management. This monitors and...
Subscriber Signaling
The vast majority of the customers of telecommunication networks are subscribers who are attached to their local exchanges by analog subscriber lines. The signaling between subscriber and local exchange is known as subscriber signaling 1-4 . The original, and still predominant, application of subscriber signaling is plain old telephone service POTS calling. However, subscriber signaling today also supports supplementary services such as call waiting, call forwarding, and caller identification....
Example of INAP Signaling Sequence
INAP message types e.g., Begin, Continue are essentially the same as those for AIN Chapter 16 . The same holds for their components Invoke, Return Result, etc. . Figure 18.4-3 shows an example of a service being realized by the interaction TABLE 18.4-6 Examples of Parameters for the InitialDP Operation TABLE 18.4-6 Examples of Parameters for the InitialDP Operation Figure 18.4-3 Example of INAP signaling exchange. Figure 18.4-3 Example of INAP signaling exchange. of a SSP, containing a SSF CCF,...
The Four Planes of the IN Conceptual Model
Figure 18.1-2 shows the four IN planes and how they relate to each other. Service Plane. The service plane defines IN-based services from a user's viewpoint, without any awareness of network components, internal components, or implementation details. Services are built around service features 3 . Examples of services are internetwork freephone IFPH , conference calling CONF , and universal personal telecommunications UPT . Examples of service features are call waiting CW , call forwarding CF ,...
Idlc
IDT Integrated digital terminal ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ITU International Telecommunication Union ITU-T Telecommunication Standardization Sector of ITU LAPD Link Access Protocol D-Channel LAPV5-DL Link Access Protocol V5 Data Link LAPV5-EF Link Access Protocol Envelope Function OAM Operations, administration, and maintenance PSTN Public switched telephone network SAPI Service access point indicator SDH Synchronous digital hierarchy SONET Synchronous optical network STM...
Called Addresses of Invokes 1
In conclusion, we outline how the initiators of the invokes of Fig. 19.3-2 determine the called party addresses 2 . LOCREQ Cases a, b, c . The call for MS has been delivered to its home MSC-A, which knows the point code of the HLR in its network. ROUTREQ Case b . Since currently serving MSC-C of MS is in the same network of HLR, this register stores the MSCID, and possibly the point code, of MSC-C. It either derives the PC for the called address from MSCID or uses the stored PC. ROUTREQ Case c...
The Gr303 Standard
GR-303 formerly TR-303 is the North American standard for access interfaces 1 . The standard supports Both fixed and dynamic TS assignment ISDN subscriber lines 2B D and 23B D 1 to 28 T1 DS1 digital links per GR-303 interface Protection switching for multilink configurations Channels. Most time slots DS0 in a digital link are used as voice channels that can be assigned to subscriber interfaces a few are used as signaling and OAM channels. There are two types of signaling channels...
References Tux
1. A. R. Modaressi, and R. A. Skoog, Signaling System No. 7 A Tutorial, IEEE Commun. Mag., 28, No. 7, July 1990. 2. R. Mantefield, Common Channel Signalling, Peter Peregrinus Ltd., London, 1991. 3. T. W. Johnson, B. Law, and P. Anius, CCITTT Signalling System No. 7 Transaction Capabilities, Br. Telecommun. Eng., 7, Apr. 1988. 4. Functional Description of Transaction Capabilities, Rec. Q.771, ITU-T, Geneva, 1997. 5. Transaction Capabilities Information Element Definition, Rec. Q.772, ITU-T,...
Failed Isdn Setups
The subject of setup failures in ISDN is more complicated than in telephony. In the first place, there are more failure types in addition to the failures subscriber busy, invalid called number, etc. that also occur in telephony, there are numerous failures that are specific to ISDN. In the second place, while a calling subscriber always receives an audible signal tone or announcement when a failure occurs, there are several ways in which a calling ISDN user can receive failure information. This...
Tcap Formats And Coding
The detailed format for TCAP messages is specified in ITU-T recommendations using ASN.1, a notation similar to a computer language, which produces definitions that can be processed by software 14-17 . That has resulted in the availability of ASN.1 compilers that can greatly speed up the creation of complex, error-free specifications. To take advantage of the flexibility offered by computer-based tools, ASN.1 provides complete separation of the bit map definition bits on the line from the syntax...
Other Signaling Procedures
This section outlines several ISUP signaling procedures that have not yet been discussed. Some of these are the counterparts of the TUP procedures described in Sections 9.3 and 9.5. As in TUP signaling, an exchange performs a continuity check on a seized outgoing ISUP trunk under certain conditions. When an exchange, say, exchange A, seizes an outgoing trunk to exchange B, indicators in Par.17 nature of connections indicators of its IAM specify whether the continuity check will be made. If so,...
Lapv5ef
ISDN lines are present, and up to two if only PSTN lines are present. C-channels can be assigned to TS 16, 15, and 31, in that order, and are called C-channel 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The Control C-path must be in TS 16. The other C-paths can be in any C-channel. Time slots not assigned to C-channels can be provisioned for user interfaces. 6.4.1 V5.1 Data Link Layer L2 Protocol The data link layer protocol used by V5.1 is called LAPV5 and is based on DSS1 LAPD Section 10.2 . LAPV5 is...