Opamp Hyt
1. Design a first-order filter with a gain of 10 and a cut-off frequency of 200 Hz. Use a 0.05 F capacitor. 2. Design a second-order 1 dB ripple high-pass Chebyshev filter with a gain of 2 and a cut-off frequency of 500 Hz. 3. Draw the response of a low-pass second-order Butterworth filter having a gain of unity and a cut-off frequency of 1.5 kHz. Also on the same sketch estimate the response of a fourth-order low pass filter of the Butterworth type having the same gain and cut-off frequency....
Standing wave ratio
Standing waves have already been mentioned, together with their formation due to load termination. Figure 7.4 shows the result of producing standing waves on a transmission line. Remember that standing waves are produced when two waves having the same frequency and amplitude and travelling in opposite directions are superimposed. The figure shows that standing waves produce points of minimum and maximum disturbance called nodes and antinodes, and this applies to voltage or current waves....
The Bode plot
It is convenient and generally accepted in practice to plot the logarithmic value of frequency response rather than the raw frequency itself. This is because a greater range of frequencies can then be plotted on suitable graph paper without losing the resolution of the response curve. Log-linear or log-log graph paper may be conveniently used. Figure 6.8 uses loglinear or semilog paper, with the frequency plotted horizontally and the gain dB plotted vertically. Log-linear graph paper is also...
Info Sbt
2. The frequency of the signal generator is increased in predetermined steps. Sufficient steps should be selected to give an accurate response when plotted. 3. The input voltage should remain constant for each output. 4. After sufficient points have been recorded, a table similar to the one shown in Fig. 3.42 should be prepared. 5. The graph is then plotted on log-linear graph paper as shown in Fig. 3.42. This is a typical response for a second order low-pass Butterworth filter. Note the...
Info Hku
FIGURE 6. Response of various 2nd-order filters as a function of Q. Gains and center frequencies are normalized to unity. The LMF100 is a switched capacitor sampled data filter. To fully describe its transfer functions, a time domain analysis is appropriate. Since this is cumbersome, and since the LMF100 closely approximates continuous filters, the following discussion is based on the well-known frequency domain. Each LMF100 can produce two full 2nd order functions. See Table I for a summary of...
Info Ukq
Physical Dimensions inches millimeters unless otherwise noted Metal Can Package H Order Number LM565H NS Package Number H10C Dual-In-Line Package N Order Number LM565CN NS Package Number N14A
Power amplifiers
Figure 5.1 shows two applications where a power amplifier may be used. In Fig. 5.1 a two RF power amplifiers are used to feed power into the antenna of a transmitter. The booster amplifier raises the power level to the value required in order to drive the final RF amplifier which is responsible for feeding large power levels into the antenna via the antenna matching unit. Note that matching stages are required in order to match the output of one stage to the input impedance of the next stage...
Tba 820m
This is an 8-pin amplifier capable of delivering 2 W into an 8 Q load, 1.6 W into a 4 Q load or 1.2 W into an 8 Q load. A bootstrap circuit is included in order to increase the gain of the amplifier, and high ripple rejection from the power supply is a major feature. This is achieved by including a 47 F capacitor when required. Frequency compensation is provided by pin 1. The value of CB from the data sheets is selected with Rf, the gain setting resistor, by using the CB Rf graph. Selection of...
R Apc
previous sections. Also note that the collector current lies within the linear region of the amplifier as has already been mentioned, this is necessary for an undistorted output. This is known as class A bias and indicates that the amplifier operates for the full 360 of the input voltage. However, there are two other common types of bias, and these are shown in Fig. 5.13. Figure 5.13 a shows what happens to the output signal when an amplifier is biased at cut-off. It operates in the linear...
The basic structure and requirements of an oscillator
Any oscillator consists of three sections, as shown in Fig. 1.4. Any oscillator consists of three sections, as shown in Fig. 1.4. The frequency-determining network is the core of the oscillator and deals with the generation of the specified frequency. The desired frequency may be generated by using an inductance-capacitance LC circuit, a resistance-capacitance RC circuit or a piezoelectric crystal. Each of these networks produces a particular frequency depending on the values of the components...
Tda2006 1
Figure 15 Application Circuit with Single Power Supply Figure 16 P.C. Board and Components Layout of the Circuit of Figure 15 1 1 scale Figure 17 Bridge Amplifier Configuration with Split Power Supply Po 24W, Vs 12V PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS Printed Circuit Board The layout shown in Figure 14 should be adopted by the designers. If different layout are used, the ground points of input 1 and input 2 must be well decoupled from ground of the output on which a rather high current flows. No...
Waveguide junctions
Waveguide junctions are required to reroute power in a similar way to junction devices in optical fibre work. They are also used to mix power from multiple sources. However, anything that alters the geometry of a waveguide will have an effect on the electric and magnetic fields and may change the characteristic impedance of the guide. If the guide normally works in the TE10 mode with E-field and H-field patterns, as shown in Fig. 7.11, then bend couplings, similar to those in Fig. 7.14, should...
Further problems Avx
1. A PLL has the following element gains KD 0.3 V rad, KA 4 and KO 30 kHz V. Determine the loop gain. 2. A PLL has the following parameters KA 3, KO 45 kHz V, KD 0.45 V rad and fo 365 kHz. If the input signal is 220 kHz and the loop is locked, determine e the maximum possible value of v. Answer 60.75 kHz rad, 365 kHz, 402 rad, 1113.1 kHz, 0.47 V 3. A PLL has to be compensated by using a lead-lag compensation network. If oa 260 rad s and 10 rad s, determine the value of the filter components....
Transmission line distortion
The waveform at the receiving end of a transmission line may be distorted for many reasons, but the most common problems are the following a The terminating impedance is not the same as the characteristic impedance. As the characteristic impedance varies with frequency for a lossy line equation 7.7 , the terminating impedance may not change with frequency in the same way. If the characteristic impedance is to remain the same for the complete frequency operating range, the condition LG CR must...
Tuned amplifier applications
A tuned amplifier is one which operates over a band of frequencies centred on a resonant frequency. Its two main requirements are to provide high gain and good selectivity, both of which can be achieved by techniques which will be mentioned in this chapter. There are many applications in telecommunications work where it is necessary to amplify a narrow band of frequencies centred on one frequency. One such example is shown in the frequency-modulated transmitter of Fig. 4.1. In this case the...
Circuit analysis for a tuned primary amplifier
This analysis uses the equivalent T-network and a knowledge of two-port networks which may be obtained from any standard text. Consider the circuit in Fig. 4.11 b , where Rn and R22 are the primary and secondary load resistances. We have V11 - jaLI - jM O jaMIx - R22 j L2 12 The secondary is untuned and will have a low reactance so that coL2 lt lt R22. Hence This expression represents a series circuit consisting of L1 and Rs d2M2 R22. This is shown in Fig. 4.11 c . Using expression 4.3 will...
The propagation constant and secondary constants
As current flows in a transmission line its value decreases because of attenuation in the line. If 1L is the initial current at the generator and 12 is the current say 1 km along the line towards the load, then the attenuation, which is a logarithmic decay, is given by The propagation coefficient y is a complex quantity given by y - a j3, where a is known as the attenuation constant and 3 is the phase-shift coefficient. If n sections of transmission line are connected then where 1G is the...
Mug Telecommunication
FIGURE 18. 100MHz NOISE FIGURE vs COLLECTOR SUPPLY VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATION FIGURE 19. 100MHz NOISE FIGURE AND POWER GAIN vs BASE-TO-EMITTER BIAS VOLTAGE TERMINAL 7 FIGURE 18. 100MHz NOISE FIGURE vs COLLECTOR SUPPLY VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATION
The twinT oscillator
This oscillator is shown in Fig. 1.10 a and is, strictly speaking, a notch filter. It is used in problems where a narrow band of noise frequencies of a single-frequency component has to be attenuated. It consists of a low-pass and high-pass filter, both of which have a sharp cut-off at the rejected frequency or narrow band of frequencies. This response is shown in Fig. 1.10 b . The notch frequency fo is attenuated sharply as shown. Frequencies immediately on either side of the notch are also...
Wien bridge oscillator
This circuit Fig. 1.8 uses a balanced bridge network as the frequency-determining network. R2 and R3 provide the gain which is The following points should be noted about this oscillator i R and C may have different values in the bridge circuit, but it is customary to make them equal. ii This oscillator may be made variable by using variable resistors or capacitors. iii If a BJT or FET is used then two stages must be used in cascade to provide the 360 phase shift between input and output. iv The...