Figure 915 Star and PeertoPeer Topologies
In a star topology data may be exchanged only between the network coordinator and the DEVs or network nodes no direct communication between DEVs . There are two types of communication uplink, from the DEVs to the network coordinator and downlink, from the network coordinator to the DEVs. In a peer-to-peer topology, each DEV can communicate with others within its radio range. There is no network coordinator. However, a DEV can become such a coordinator if it is the first device to communicate on...
Figure 1134 RRC Connection Establishment Procedure
Figure 11.35 illustrates the radio bearer establishment procedure. The radio bearer establishment procedure is initiated when the upper layers in the mobile station need to set up the transport and physical channels to accommodate the traffic flow from the upper layers. This procedure starts after the UTRAN performs the admission control and selects the parameters for the transport i.e., transport format set and physical i.e., channelization coding channels. 11.6.2.2 Radio Bearer Establishment...
Figure 813 Paging Sequences
In Standby, no connection has been established and the station can use all of its capacity to support Page Scan. If desired, the station can place ACL connections in the Hold mode or even use the Park mode before entering Page Scan. SCO connections are preferably not interrupted by Page Scan. In this case, Page Scan may be interrupted by the reserved SCO slots which have higher priority than Page Scan. At the connection state, a Bluetooth station becomes the member of a piconet. The station can...
Figure 57 MAC Frame Structure for Sectored Antennas
The MAC frame consists of Broadcast Channel BCH duration, Frame Control Channel FCH duration, Access Feedback Channel ACH duration and at least one Random Channel RCH duration. If there is transmission between the AP CC and the MTs, the Downlink DL phase and or Uplink UL phase are included in the MAC frame. If there is transmission among the MTs direct mode , the Direct Link DiL phase is also included. The BCH duration is fixed. The duration of the FCH, DL, DiL, and UL phases and the number of...
Architecture
The standard addresses two topologies ad hoc topology, referred to as Independent Basic Service Set IBSS , and infrastructure topology, referred to as Basic Service Set BSS . A topology that combines several BSS cells is referred to as Extended Service Set ESS . As shown in Figure 4.2, an ad hoc network or an IBSS consists of stations within mutual communication range of each other via the wireless medium. Such a network is created spontaneously, without preplanning, for ad hoc temporary...
Figure 1012 52Multiframe for PDCHs
fiarne used tor irim Fra rr SO - l 1 Kad Slocks 1 dio WkK PTCCH . id I-rarne tmh T MA hmn fiarne used tor irim Fra rr SO - l 1 Kad Slocks 1 dio WkK PTCCH . id I-rarne tmh T MA hmn A PDCH is defined by a combination of a radio frequency channel and a time slot. On a radio frequency channel, PDCHs can be represented logically as eight physical channel instances see Figure 10.13 . The PDCH number presented here corresponds to the time slot number of the TDMA frame i.e., PDCH1 and time slot 1
GPRS Rei5 Architecture
As shown in Figure 10.2, the GPRS mobile system consists of three main entities Mobile Station MS , Radio Access Network RAN , and Core Network CN . A mobile station refers to the mobile equipment on which a user executes mobile services and applications i.e., voice services, SMS . A mobile station communicates with the base station that controls the radio channel within its coverage area or a cell, so to speak . Multiple base station systems interconnect and form the network called RAN. RAN is...
Radio Link Control RLC
The RLC manages the network and thus exchanges control data between the AP and the MTs. The AP can have multiple RLC instances, where each RLC instance associates with an MT. There is only one RLC instance in an MT. The RLC has three functions Radio Resource Control RRC , Association Control Function ACF , and DLC Connection Control DCC . The RRC is responsible for detecting and efficiently using the available radio resources. It manages handover, dynamic frequency selection, station alive...
Figure 84 Bluetooth Protocol Stack
The Bluetooth Radio layer, which is parallel to the physical layer in the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection OSI model, defines the requirements for a 2.4 GHz Bluetooth transceiver i.e., frequency band, radio parameters, transmitter and receiver characteristics . The Baseband layer describes the specifications of the Bluetooth Link Controller which executes the baseband protocols and other low-level link functions. The Baseband layer includes the following modules LM, HCI, and L2CAP. The...
cdma2000 Air Interface Protocol Architecture
Figure 12.3 illustrates cdma2000 air interface protocol architecture. The air interface protocol architecture is divided into layers corresponding to the Open Systems Interconnection OSI protocol layers 1 Layer 1 or physical layer 2 Layer 2, which includes the Link Access Control LAC sublayer, the Media Access Control MAC sublayer, and the Forward Packet Data Channel F-PDCH Control Function sublayer and 3 Layers 3 to 7, which include the upper layer signaling and the voice and data services...
Figure 135 PES Packet Structure
Figure 13.6. Transport Stream Packet Structure Figure 13.6. Transport Stream Packet Structure fa-w30 t Stream PasKe 1-P3 byte The list of PID and its associated values are included in the Program Specific Information PSI table. There are several types of PSI tables such as the Program Association Table PAT , the Program Map Table PMT , and the Conditional Access Table CAT . Figure 13.7 illustrates the PSI table structure. Within the MPEG-2 Transport Stream, there are multiple programs i.e., TV...
MAC States
The MAC as applied to GERAN Iu mode can be in one of four states MAC-Idle, MAC-Shared, MAC-DTM, and MAC-Dedicated. In the MAC-Idle state there are no TBFs and the mobile station monitors relevant paging subchannels on the PCCCH. Once the upper layers have a packet for transmission and connect with the MAC, the MAC will establish a TBF on a shared channel, SBPSCH, and it transitions to MAC-Shared state. The RRC or RLC MAC may also dictate to the MAC to establish a TBF on a dedicated channel,...
Physical Channel
The physical channel is defined by a combination of a radio frequency channel and a time slot number. Within the frequency band, a radio frequency channel seperated by 200 kHz is structured into time slots TSs as shown in Figure 10.9. Eight consecutive time slots form a TDMA frame. A time slot in a TDMA frame is numbered from 0 to 7. A physical channel is defined by a radio frequency channel and a time slot number TN in every TDMA frame. All downlink and uplink TDMA frames are aligned. At the...
Physical Layer Ypr
The physical channel interfaces with the Medium Access Control MAC and the Radio Resource Control RRC . It uses a combination of frequency and Time Division Multiple Access TDMA methods. Each frequency channel is separated by 200 kHz. In each frequency channel, the channel is structured into time slots and defines eight basic physical channels per carrier. The physical channel is defined as a sequence of time slots and a frequency hopping sequence. Several frequencies are defined for usage in...
Table 121 cdma2000 Frequency Bands
Japan Total Access Communication System The physical layer delivers the packets received from the MAC layer to the physical channels. The physical layer defines a combination of frames, modulations, and codes used for each physical channel. For channel access, the physical channel deploys CDMA, in which the information bits are spread by using a number of Pseudo-Noise PN chip signals a multiple of 1.2288 Mcps . The cdma2000 Release C defines two spreading rates Spreading Rate 1 and Spreading...
RRC Modes of Operation
The RRC has several modes of operation The RRC-Cell_Shared, RRC-Cell_Dedicated, and RRC-GRA_PCH. In RRC-Cell_Shared state the MS executes a cell update procedure on cell changes, monitors the PBCCH control channel for system information messages, and monitors neighboring cells for neighbour cell measurements. The RRC will transit to RRC-Idle mode when the RRC connection is released or when the operation mode is changed to A Gb mode. In the RRC-Cell_Shared state the MAC is responsible for...
Table 131 DVBRCS Maximum Data Speeds
Return Link Speed Forward Link Speed The DVB-RCS model is shown in Figure 13.1. DVB supports two channels the Broadcast Channel and the Interaction Channel. The Broadcast Channel, which is a unidirectional downlink broadcast channel, is identical to the channel defined in the satellite digital video broadcast DVB-S standard. The Interaction Channel provides bidirectional interaction communication between the service provider and the end-user. The Interaction Channel consists of a Forward...
Multiprotocol Encapsulation
Multiprotocol encapsulation method is used for transporting packets that originate from different network protocols on top of the MPEG2 Transport Streams in DVB networks. It has been optimized for delivery of IP packets but can be used for other protocols as well. A 48-bit MAC address is used to identify the receiver i.e., RCST . UDP IP or TCP IP traffic will be multiplexed into an MPEG-2 transport stream through DSM-CC sections defined in ISO IEC 13818-6 as detailed in Figure 13.10. Using...
Data Link Control DLC Layer
As mentioned earlier, the DLC layer contains three sublayers Error Control EC , Radio Link Control RLC , and Media Access Control MAC . In addition, there are logical and transport channels as shown in Figure 5.5. Logical channels are identified by the type of message they carry while transport channels are identified by the message format and the channel access method. The control messages and user data messages which originate from the DLC or higher layer are mapped to the appropriate logical...
Radio Resource Control RRC and Radio Resource RR
The Radio Resource Control RRC is responsible for radio resource management for Iu traffic, whereas the Radio Resource RR is responsible for managing the A Gb traffic. The relationship between the two is presented in Figure 10.20. Figure 10.20. Relationship between RR and RRC Figure 10.20. Relationship between RR and RRC The RRC and RR are responsible for allocating new dedicated basic physical subchannels as well as the intracell handovers of the dedicated basic physical subchannels. The RRC...
Figure 1026 PDP Context Activation Procedure Initiated by MS
There are cases where packets originated from the external network are received by the GGSN and are destined to a mobile station. In these cases, the GGSN will initiate the PDP context activation procedure shown in Figure 10.27. In Step 2 the GGSN acquires the routing information to the MS from the Home Location Register HLR . After receiving this routing information from the HLR, in Step 3 the GGSN sends a PDU Notification Request message to the SGSN and then the SGSN replies back with a PDU...
IEEE 80211e QoS Extension
Realizing the shortcomings of the QoS support within the current IEEE 802.11 MAC, the IEEE organization IEEE 802.11 Task Group E has been involved in an extensive effort to specify MAC enhancements for better QoS support. This effort and potential extension to the standard are referred to as IEEE 802.11e. This extension has not been approved yet. Hence this discussion provides just a simplified explanation and glimpse into the proposals and ideas discussed within this effort. The proposed IEEE...
TBF Establishment Initiated by Network
The network may initiate a TBF to transfer packets from the network to the mobile station. The procedure may be entered when the mobile station is in MAC-Idle state for Iu mode or in Packet Idle State for A Gb mode Figure 10.18 . Such TBF can also be initiated on PACCH if a TBF in this direction is already established. First the BSS performs a paging procedure to discover the location of the mobile station. After discovery, the BSS will perform resource assignment. The network may assign one or...
Figure 98 Channel Time Allocation CTA
Chanrei Tme Allscati amp n Inrormalon Elements mutate the- start tirre and Chanrei Tme Allscati amp n Inrormalon Elements mutate the- start tirre and Since the bandwidth is allocated using a TDMA scheme, the channel is fully controlled by the PNC and can provide QoS support. Therefore, CFP is suitable for isochronous data traffic such as video streaming, audio streaming, and video audio broadcast. We will discuss QoS aspects in Section 9.5. As mentioned earlier, CFP includes two types of time...
UMTS Architecture
UMTS Rel-5 provides the ultimate evolution of voice and data convergence. As shown in Figure 11.4, similar to GPRS architecture, UMTS consists of three main entities Mobile Station MS , UTRAN, and Core Network CN . A mobile station or user equipment UE communicates with Node B which controls the radio channel within its coverage area or cell. Multiple Node Bs are controlled by the Radio Network Controller RNC . UMTS's Node B is equivalent to GPRS's Base Transceiver Station BTS , while RNC is...
Figure 311 Token Bucket Mechanism
The token bucket preserves the burstiness of the traffic up to the maximum burst size. The outgoing traffic will maintain a maximum average rate equal to the token rate, r. Therefore, the token bucket is used to control the average rate of the traffic. In practical traffic policing, we use a combination of the token bucket and leaky bucket mechanisms connected in series token bucket, then leaky bucket . The token bucket enforces the average data rate to be bound to token bucket rate while the...
Introduction Kkb
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UMTS is a 3G technology that provides highspeed connection of up to 2 Mbps to support a wide variety of services, including multimedia services with different QoS requirements. As shown in Figure 11.1, UMTS evolved from 2G GSM technology and 2.5G GPRS. The effective bandwidth provided is up to 144 kbps for vehicular users, 384 kbps for mobile users, and up to 2 Mbps for static users. The recent UMTS Rel-5 added to previous releases Rel-99 and Rel-4 the...
Introduction 1
In the previous chapter, we introduced the fundamental QoS concepts. In this chapter we introduce a number of key QoS mechanisms that enable QoS services. At the end of this chapter, we provide a general framework for analyzing the QoS support of each wireless technology presented in the rest of this book. QoS mechanisms can be categorized into two groups based on how the application traffic is treated 1 traffic handling mechanisms, and 2 bandwidth management mechanisms see Figure 3.1 . Figure...
Hyperframes Superframes Multiframes TDMA Frames and Time Slots
As shown in Figure 10.11, the standard defines different duration frames. The longest frame, called hyperframe, with a duration of 12533.76 seconds, is defined to support cryptographic mechanisms. A hyperframe is divided into 2048 superframes, each with duration of 6.12 seconds. A superframe is divided into multiframes. The number of multiframes in a superframe is based on the type of multiframes. There are four types of multiframes 26-Multiframe This is a 26-multiframe that contains 26 TDMA...
Figure 1131 RRC Interaction between UTRAN and the Mobile Station
The mobile station can operate in either idle mode or connected mode. During startup, a mobile station performs the cell search procedure by scanning for the broadcast channel BCH . After a cell is discovered and the mobile station decides to join the cell sometimes called camp on a cell , the mobile station will be in idle mode and will keep listening to the BCH. In order to communicate with the UTRAN, the mobile station is required to establish an RRC connection with the UTRAN and changes to...
Figure 1132 Mobile Station Modes and RRC States
In CELL_DCH RRC state, the dedicated channel is allocated. The RRC 1 reads system information broadcasted on FACH, 2 performs measurements, 3 selects and configures the radio links and multiplexing options applicable for the transport channels, and 4 acts upon RRC messages received on the control channels. In CELL_FACH RRC state, the RACH and FACH are allocated. The mobile station 1 maintains up-to-date system information as broadcasted by the serving cell, 2 performs cell reselection...
Table 92 IEEE 8021p Priorities and Traffic Types
0 default Best effort BE 1 Background BK Asynchronous data Default piconet traffic Asynchronous data Currently not assigned For valued customer Excellent effort EE Controlled load CL Video VI Video VO Network control NC Isochronous data lt 100 ms delay and jitter Isochronous data lt 10 ms delay and jitter In establishing asynchronous connections, the parameters included in the CTR command are slightly different from those in the isochronous connections. The DEV requests the total amount of time...
mode and Iu mode
Figure 10.6. Control Plane Protocol Architecture in PS Domain A Gb Figure 10.6. Control Plane Protocol Architecture in PS Domain A Gb Figure 10.7. User Plane Protocol Architecture in CS Domain A Gb Figure 10.7. User Plane Protocol Architecture in CS Domain A Gb Figure 10.8. Control Plane Protocol Architecture in CS Domain A Gb As shown in Figure 10.5, the functions between A Gb mode and Iu mode are slightly different. Iu RLC includes the transparent mode in addition to the acknowledged mode and...
L2CAP QoS Signaling
L2CAP QoS signaling exchanges the QoS information between L2CAP of master and slave. Such QoS information indicates the traffic characteristic and QoS requirements of applications called FlowSpec such as Token Rate, Token Bucket Size, Peak Bandwidth, and Latency and Delay variation. The QoS information is included in the Configuration Parameter Option field of the L2CAP control message. L2CA_ConfigReq is the L2CAP control message that performs the connection request. L2CA_ConfigReq requests the...
Figure 53 HiperLAN2 Protocol Stack
The convergence layer provides the protocol interface between the upper layer and the DLC layer. The standard envisions that HiperLAN 2 provides wireless access to the external or core networks such as Internet Protocol IP networks, Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM networks, 3G networks, and networks that use IEEE 1394 Firewire protocols. The data transport function of the convergence layer provides message format transformation i.e., segmentation and reassembly function between the higher layer...
Classification
The lowest service level that a network can provide is best effort service, which does not provide QoS support. In best effort service, all traffic is handled equally regardless of the application or host that generated the traffic. However, some applications need QoS support, requiring better than best effort service such as differentiated or guaranteed service. For a network to provide selective services to certain applications, first of all, the network requires a classification mechanism...
Figure 18 Telematics Scenario
Mercedes-Benz offers voice-activated phones, automatic headlights, and sensors that watch for nearby obstacles. BMW offers email access as well as its iDrive system, which allows drivers hundreds of options to access the car devices with a small control knob and on-screen menus. In addition, BMW's Mayday system offers wireless communications and GPS location services for 24hour emergency response, roadside assistance, stolen vehicle notification, and remote door unlocking. Similar services are...
Figure 513 DCCH Frame Construction Process
5.4.4.6 User Broadcast Channel UBCH The UBCH is used to transmit user broadcast data. The UBCH can be sent by the AP CC in the downlink and by an MT in the direct link. The UBCH is transmitted in repetition or unacknowledged mode. UBCH is transmitted through LCH transport channel. UBCH frame construction process is shown in Figure 5.14. The support of the UBCH in both MTs and AP CC is mandatory. It is required in Direct Mode if this feature is supported. Figure 5.14. UMCH UBCH UDCH Frames...